回归分析在确定多金属硫化物矿石密度中的应用

在研究多金属硫化物矿床的特点,分析以往矿床勘查中确定矿石密度值难点的基础上,通过建立矿石密度值与矿石各组分的多元线性回归数学模型,预测矿床的矿石密度值。     

川滇黔铅锌(锗)成矿区区域地球化学测量在找锗预测中的作用

锗作为一种稀散元素,是现代信息产业最重要的金属之一,然而大多数锗资源是在综合评价煤矿床、铅锌矿床以及铁矿床的过程中发现的,缺乏专门的找锗方法。为了进一步加强锗矿找矿方法的研究,本文以川滇黔接壤处作为研究区,通过采用探索性分析方法(EDA)和基于分形理论的浓度-面积(C-A)方法以及证据权模型,分析研究区内低密度水系沉积物测量数据Zn、Ge元素的数字特征和分布规律。结果表明:(1) Ge元素分布由单个总体构成,基本符合正态分布,数值变化小(变异系数=0. 13),基本围绕地壳丰度值(1. 6×10~(-6))波动,且矿床的分布与地球化学异常之间没有明显的相关关系,因此采用以Ge找Ge的思路是行不通的,而这可能是由于Ge在表生氧化状态下的多亲和性和高度分散性造成的。(2) Zn元素分布明显不符合正态分布,且有多个峰值,数据离散程度大(变异系数=1. 14),可能至少由两个以上总体构成,且在空间上矿床的分布与地球化学异常之间有良好的相关关系,大多数矿床位于相对高值区。另外鉴于在原生状态下,Ge元素往往以类质同象的形式赋存在闪锌矿中,因此在区域上采用以Zn找Ge的思路是可行的。(3)采用累计概率法、直方图法、箱式图法、原生晕法以及基于多重分形的C-A方法,确定的异常下限分别为146. 5×10~(-6)、392. 7×10~(-6)、153. 9×10~(-6)、87. 5×10~(-6)和124×10~(-6)。通过采用证据权方法所提供的空间相关性统计量(t)进行检验,发现异常下限应当落在120×10~(-6)～130×10~(-6)的区间内。因此基于分形理论的C-A方法是最合理的,这可能是其不仅考虑了频数特征,还考虑了空间几何特征的原因。(4)在圈定地球化学块体的基础上,结合热液矿床受构造控制,且往往具有"丛聚效应"以及"鹤立鸡群"的特点,圈定黑区-赤普、大湾子-大桥边、茂租-乐红、毛坪、天宝山-小石房、猫猫厂-白蜡厂、大梁子、会泽、青山-杉树林、猴子厂-顶头山以及富乐作为寻找锗矿的潜力区,建议进一步加强这11个矿田级远景区锗资源的找矿工作。     

Searching for ancient gold mines in Filippoi area,Macedonia, Greece,using Worldview-2 satellite imagery

The study area is located near the town of Filippoi, north of the city of Kavala in northern Greece, known from ancient times for its rich gold mines, situated inside hydrothermal alteration zones (Fe–Mn oxide minerals). A Very High-Resolution (0.5 m pixel size) image of Worldview-2 satellite was digitally enhanced, yielding target areas of potential ore existence and lineaments. Ground-truth that followed digital image processing, revealed abandoned ancient mines, slags and ore occurrences. Also, a number of lineaments delineated on the satellite image were verified as faults.     

冷水坑银矿田成矿条件及矿床特征

冷水坑中生代陆相火山-次火山岩型银矿田的成矿地质条件,着重论述矿田层控叠加型、斑岩型矿床的分布规律、物质组分、矿化分带等基本地质特征。     

滇西澜沧江中北段铜(金)多金属成矿特征

在重新分析前人资料的基础上,结合野外工作,对滇西澜沧江中北段铜（金）多金属矿成矿特征进行了初步的分析评价,结果表明：该区具有大中型矿床的成矿远景及找矿条件。     

敞开酸溶和偏硼酸锂碱熔ICP-MS法测定多金属矿中的稀土元素及铌钽锆铪

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地质样品中的稀土及难熔元素,混合酸敞开酸溶法和碱熔融法是两种主要的溶样方法。但地质样品组分复杂,元素之间存在相互共生的现象,对于特殊元素、特殊样品用传统酸溶法会造成部分元素消解不完全,使测定结果不准确;而碱熔法的操作过程繁琐,且溶液盐度高,易产生基体干扰和堵塞仪器进样系统。本文改进了传统四酸和五酸体系,采用氢氟酸-硝酸-硫酸敞开酸溶体系,用国家一级标准物质制作标准曲线测定15种稀土元素,方法准确度(ΔlgC)为0.001～0.027。同时改进了偏硼酸锂碱熔法,样品用偏硼酸锂碱熔提取,加入氢氧化钠调节溶液至碱性条件,所测元素与偏硼酸锂共沉淀后过滤分离熔剂,再用硝酸复溶测定15种稀土元素及铌钽锆铪。两种溶样方法的测定值与认定值的相对误差为1.09%～9.30%。将混合酸敞开酸溶法测定稀土元素、偏硼酸锂碱熔法测定铌钽锆铪的结果与其他实验室密闭酸溶法相比,两组数据的相对偏差为0.13%～15.32%。本实验表明,混合酸敞开酸溶法适用于测定地质样品中的稀土元素,偏硼酸锂碱熔法不仅适用于测定地质样品中的稀土元素及铌钽锆铪,也适用于测定如古老高压变质岩石及铝含量高的样品中的铌钽锆铪。     

Zircon recycling and crystallization during formation of chromite- and Ni-arsenide ores in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (Serranía de Ronda,Spain)

The ultramafic massifs of the Serranía de Ronda (namely Ronda, Ojén and Carratraca) are portions of Proterozoic (∼1.2–1.8 Ga) subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) affected by partial melting and infiltration of melts. The latter of these events was broadly coeval with the tectonic emplacement of the peridotites into the continental crust in the Early Miocene. This resulted in the formation of chromite and Ni-arsenide ores (Cr-Ni) associated with orthopyroxenites and cordieritites. Six zircons recovered from a massive chromitite sample from the Ronda massif yield both concordant and discordant ages between 2309 ± 37 Ma and 109 ± 15 Ma, and δ¹⁸O between 8.3‰ and 9.4‰. Two Proterozoic ages obtained for zircons of this population (1815 ± 9 Ma and 1794 ± 17 Ma) are identical, within error, to those of zircons reported previously in the garnet pyroxenites of Ronda (1783 ± 37 Ma). Similarly, concordant Early Jurassic (192 ± 13 Ma) and Cretaceous ages (109 ± 15 Ma) obtained from the core and rim, respectively, of a single zircon from the chromitite are also consistent with the ages (180 ± 5 Ma, 178 ± 6 Ma, and 131 ± 3 Ma) already reported for magmatic zircons from corunudum-bearing garnet pyroxenites in the Ronda massif. The observation that chromitites and garnet-pyroxenites contain similar populations of zircons suggests that the parental melts of chromitites inherited zircons from their protolithic garnet pyroxenites, representing relics of oceanic/arc crust recycled in the mantle. Eleven zircons recovered from a massive cordieritite associated with chromitite in the Ronda massif yield scattered concordant and discordant ages between 568 Ma and 21 Ma, with correspondingly variable δ¹⁸O (4.8–13.5‰) and unradiogenic Hf-isotope ratios (ε_Hf(t) from −12.36 to −4.43). The youngest age is concordant at 21.18 ± 0.4 Ma and matches the ages of zircons from the chromitite (weighted average age of 20.4 ± 0.87 Ma, n = 4) and a plagioclasite dyke (scattering between 20.1 ± 0.2 Ma and 17.9 ± 0.1 Ma; n = 11) associated with the Cr-Ni mineralization in the Ojén massif. These zircons show similar unradiogenic Hf-(ε_Hf(t) between −14.5 and −7.6) and heavy O-isotope compositions (δ¹⁸O = 11.3–12.4‰). A sample of the massive cordieritite hosting the chromitites contains abundant zircons that yield scattered concordant, sub-concordant and discordant U-Pb ages varying from 33.8 ± 1 Ma to 781 ± 10 Ma; these zircons (n = 21) have variable U-contents (105–13900 ppm) and Th/U ratios (0.003–0.8). On the basis of O- and Hf-isotope compositions, these zircons define three populations independently of their ages: (1) grains with consistent high δ¹⁸O (6.1–12.7‰) and negative ε_Hf(t) (from −14.42 to −6.88); (2) grains with high δ¹⁸O (7.6–11.1‰) and positive ε_Hf(t) (3.10–4.84); and (3) grains with δ¹⁸O < 5.5‰ typical of mantle values. We suggest that zircons from this cordieritite with U-Pb ages older than Miocene are inherited, and were incorporated physically into the SCLM by fluids or melts produced during dehydration-melting of the crustal rocks wrapping the peridotite massifs. The population of Early Miocene zircons found in the chromitites and associated cordieritites and the plagioclasite dyke in the mineralization of the Ojén massif date the crustal emplacement of the peridotites and, therefore, the formation of the Cr-Ni ores. We propose a model in which the unique Cr-Ni mineralizations found in the ultramafic rocks of the Serranía de Ronda were formed as a result of contamination of the SCLM with crustal components.     

Geochemical and isotopic evidence for a magmatic-hydrothermal origin of the polymetallic vein-type Zn-Pb deposits in the northwest margin of Jiangnan Orogen,South China

Polymetallic vein-type Zn-Pb deposits are located in the Xiangxi–Qiandong zinc-lead metallogenic belt (XQMB) of the northwestern margin of the Jiangnan Orogen, South China. Ores are mainly found in fault-bounded quartz veins hosted in the upper part of the Banxi Group that consists of low-grade metamorphic sandstone, siltstone with minor tuff interbeds. The Zn-Pb deposits primarily contain sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite, accompanied by quartz and minor calcite. Zinc, lead, copper, indium and gallium are enriched in these ores. Investigation of the ore fluid reveals low temperature (87–262 °C) with scattered salinity (range from 2.73 to 26.64 wt% NaCl_eqv.). Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in quartz indicate mixing of magmatic hydrothermal fluid and meteoric water (δ¹⁸O_{H2O SMOW} = 0.2‰ to 4.2‰; δD_{H2O SMOW} = −126‰ to −80‰). Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate samples indicate the magmatic hydrothermal origin of CO₃²⁻ or CO₂ in ore-forming fluid (δ¹³C_PDB = −6.9‰ to −5.7‰, δ¹⁸O_SMOW = 11.3‰ to 12.7‰). Sulfur and lead isotopic compositions (δ³⁴S_VCDT = 8.8–14.2‰ and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.156–17.209, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.532–15.508, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.282–37.546) demonstrate that sulfur sources were relatively uniform, and low radiogenic lead isotopic compositions indicate that ore metals were derived from a relatively unradiogenic source, probably by mixing of mantle with crust. Therefore, polymetallic vein-type Zn-Pb mineralization in this area probably arose from a magmatic-related hydrothermal system, and the deposition of sulfides occurred in response to cooling and boiling of magmatic hydrothermal fluids (high salinity, high δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD_H2O and metal-bearing), and is mainly the result of emplacement into open space and mixing with meteoric water (low salinity, low δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD_H2O). This study provides direct evidence that magmatism was involved in the ore-forming processes of the low temperature metallogenic district, South China, and it raises awareness about the presence of polymetallic vein-type Zn-Pb deposits in the northwest margin of Jiangnan Orogen and their potential as a source of zinc, copper, indium and gallium.     

遥感技术在川西甲基卡大型锂矿基地找矿填图中的应用

四川甲基卡矿田是中国乃至于世界上锂矿资源最集中的地区之一,目前运用遥感技术开展甲基卡型锂矿的研究工作尚较为薄弱,文章运用遥感技术在甲基卡特殊地貌区开展找矿填图应用研究,建立了研究区典型岩石及矿物的波谱数据库,总结了研究区黑云母片岩、十字石片岩、十字石堇青石片岩、角岩、二云母花岗岩、含锂辉石伟晶岩、无矿伟晶岩、石英脉、长石斑晶、锂辉石单晶、云母、绿柱石的波谱特征;之后分别基于中等分辨率遥感数据Landsat 8和高空间分辨率遥感数据Geoeye-1进行图像处理和信息提取,开展了地质填图应用初步研究。研究结果表明遥感技术作为一种新兴的技术手段,对甲基卡型锂矿的填图及找矿具有重要的指导意义,可以作为今后地质找矿工作的"先头兵"。     

滇东南法郎组含锰地层沉积相分析

滇东南中三叠统法郎组是重要的含锰地层,前人对其沉积环境的认识却存在着深水浊流沉积和浅水潮坪沉积的争议。本文通过对建水-开远地区典型剖面的研究,认为法郎组为浊积扇沉积。法郎组底部为碳酸盐滑塌沉积、碎眉流沉积与泥岩粉砂岩互层,中上部逐渐由外扇渐变为中扇辫状水道和辫状水道间沉积,顶部为内扇补给水道和溢岸沉积。相对海水深度总体表现为在拉丁早期逐渐加深,到拉丁中晚期有逐渐变浅。锰矿层主要发育在底部的碎屑流沉积中,其彤成可能与拉丁早期相对水深的增高有关。