广安气田产能特征及其控制因素研究

广安气田勘探开发层位为上三叠统须家河组须六段和须四段。储层砂体为三角洲分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝沉积,为典型低孔、低渗孔隙型储层。气藏分布受构造和或岩性控制,发育了构造气藏、构造—岩性气藏和岩性气藏。为指导气田开发井位部署与合理配产,根据试采资料研究了气井产能特征,并把气井产能划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ 4大类7亚类,各类气井产能差异大,产水量差异也大,其中Ⅰ类、Ⅱ1亚类和Ⅲ1亚类气井产能较好或较稳定。通过分析控制广安气田气井产能的因素,认识到储层沉积微相、单井动储量、构造位置、产水量与工艺措施对气井产能有重要影响。在水动力强的分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝沉积相带中,单井控制动储量越大,构造位置越高,产水量越小,压裂和储层保护措施相对合理,气井往往具有较高产能。     

CBM and CO2-ECBM related sorption processes in coal: A review

This article reviews the state of research on sorption of gases (CO₂, CH₄) and water on coal for primary recovery of coalbed methane (CBM), secondary recovery by an enhancement with carbon dioxide injection (CO₂-ECBM), and for permanent storage of CO₂ in coal seams.Especially in the last decade a large amount of data has been published characterizing coals from various coal basins world-wide for their gas sorption capacity. This research was either related to commercial CBM production or to the usage of coal seams as a permanent sink for anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Presently, producing methane from coal beds is an attractive option and operations are under way or planned in many coal basins around the globe. Gas-in-place determinations using canister desorption tests and CH₄ isotherms are performed routinely and have provided large datasets for correlating gas transport and sorption properties with coal characteristic parameters.Publicly funded research projects have produced large datasets on the interaction of CO₂ with coals. The determination of sorption isotherms, sorption capacities and rates has meanwhile become a standard approach.In this study we discuss and compare the manometric, volumetric and gravimetric methods for recording sorption isotherms and provide an uncertainty analysis. Using published datasets and theoretical considerations, water sorption is discussed in detail as an important mechanisms controlling gas sorption on coal. Most sorption isotherms are still recorded for dry coals, which usually do not represent in-seam conditions, and water present in the coal has a significant control on CBM gas contents and CO₂ storage potential. This section is followed by considerations of the interdependence of sorption capacity and coal properties like coal rank, maceral composition or ash content. For assessment of the most suitable coal rank for CO₂ storage data on the CO₂/CH₄ sorption ratio data have been collected and compared with coal rank.Finally, we discuss sorption rates and gas diffusion in the coal matrix as well as the different unipore or bidisperse models used for describing these processes.This review does not include information on low-pressure sorption measurements (BET approach) to characterize pore sizes or pore volume since this would be a review of its own. We also do not consider sorption of gas mixtures since the data base is still limited and measurement techniques are associated with large uncertainties.     

Gas hydrate associated with mud diapirs in southern Okinawa Trough

Many mud diapirs have been recognized in southern Okinawa Trough by a multi-channel seismic surveying on R/V KEXUE I in 2001. Gas hydrates have been identified, by the seismic reflection characteristics, the velocity analysis and the impedance inversion. Geothermal heat flow around the central of the mud diapir has been determined theoretically by the Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Comparing the BSR derived and the measured heat flow values, we infer that the BSR immediately at the top of the mud diapirs indicate the base of the saturated gas hydrate formation zone (BSGHFZ), but not, as we ordinarily know, the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ), which could be explained by the abnormal regional background heat flow and free gas flux associated with mud diapirs. As a result, it helps us to better understand the generation mechanism of the gas hydrates associated with mud diapirs and to predict the gas hydrate potential in the southern Okinawa Trough.     

Source rock characteristics and biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian (Telychian) organic-rich shales at Akyaka, central Taurus region, Turkey

The Akyaka section in the central Taurus region in the southern part of Turkey includes the organic matter and graptolite-rich black shales which were deposited under dysoxic to anoxic marine conditions in the Early Silurian. A biostratigraphical analysis, based on graptolite assemblages, indicates that the sediments studied may well be referable to the querichi Biozone and early Telychian, Llandovery. A total of 15 samples have been subjected to Leco and Rock-Eval pyrolysis and graptolite reflectance measurements for determination of their source rock characteristics and thermal maturity. The total organic carbon content of the graptolite-bearing shales varies from 1.75 to 3.52 wt% with an average value of 2.86 wt%. The present Rock-Eval pyrolytic yields and calculated values of hydrogen and oxygen indexes imply that the recent organic matter type is inert kerogen. The measured maximum graptolite reflectance (G_Rmax %) values are between 5.04% and 6.75% corresponding to thermally over maturity. This high maturity suggests a deep burial of the Lower Silurian sediments resulting from overburden rocks of Upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic Upper Cretaceous and Middle-Upper Eocene thrusts occurred in the region.     

High-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic imaging of gas chimney structures in gas hydrated sediments of an Arctic sediment drift

The newly developed P-Cable 3D seismic system allows for high-resolution seismic imaging to characterize upper geosphere geological features focusing on geofluid expressions (gas chimneys), shallow gas and gas hydrate reservoirs. Seismic imaging of a geofluid system of an Arctic sediment drift at the Vestnesa Ridge, offshore western Svalbard, provides significantly improved details of internal chimney structures from the seafloor to ∼500 m bsf (below seafloor). The chimneys connect to pockmarks at the seafloor and indicate focused fluid flow through gas hydrated sediments. The pockmarks are not buried and align at the ridge-crest pointing to recent, topography-controlled fluid discharge. Chimneys are fuelled by sources beneath the base of gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) that is evident at ∼160–170 m bsf as indicated by a bottom-simulating reflector (BSR). Conduit centres that are not vertically straight but shift laterally by up to 200 m as well as discontinuous internal chimney reflections indicate heterogeneous hydraulic fracturing of the sediments. Episodically active, pressure-driven focused fluid flow could explain the hydro-fracturing processes that control the plumbing system and lead to extensive pockmark formation at crest of the Vestnesa Ridge. High-amplitude anomalies in the upper 50 m of the chimney structures suggest formations of near-surface gas hydrates and/or authigenic carbonate precipitation. Acoustic anomalies, expressed as high amplitudes and amplitude blanking, are irregularly distributed throughout the deeper parts of the chimneys and provide evidence for the variability of hydrate and/or carbonate formation in space and time.     

DFG-B测汞仪与ATG-6138M测汞仪对比观测结果分析

为了核实赤峰1号井2014年初气汞异常现象,安装ATG-6138M测汞仪与原DFG-B测汞仪进行对比观测。ATG-6138M测汞仪观测到赤峰1号井房内空气汞浓度明显高于井孔内逸出汞浓度,表明观测井房可能存在汞污染问题。两台仪器同步观测井孔内逸出气汞浓度结果表明,ATG-6138M测汞仪测试结果稳定,动态清晰,而DFG-B测汞仪观测误差较大。对比DFG-B测汞仪与ATG-6138M测汞仪校准结果认为,DFG-B测汞仪已不能正常观测汞浓度的变化,存在捕汞管老化等仪器问题。综合分析表明,赤峰1号井DFG-B测汞仪存在环境汞污染和仪器老化等因素,且集气装置不符合地震行业标准技术要求,2014年初出现的气汞浓度异常信度不高,不能作为与地震孕育有关的前兆异常信息。     

海南兰洋温泉模拟水氡观测与数字气氡观测的对比分析

通过对海南兰洋温泉模拟水氡与数字气氡的观测原理与对象、观测技术及观测数据进行比较,较为全面地分析了两者之间的共同点与差异,总结了各自的特点,探讨了解决问题的方法。     

定测录导一体化技术在涪陵页岩气田的应用

为满足涪陵二期复杂构造条件下钻井的提速增效,引入了旋转导向工具,应用定测录导一体化工作模式,通过旋转导向工具选型、地层特性与钻头匹配性、优化轨迹控制方法、完善现有信息平台和导向软件,形成了定测录导一体化技术。经过涪陵页岩气田8口井的现场应用试验,储层钻遇率明显提高,轨迹控制圆滑,钻井提速明显,达到了“跨界组合、创新发展”的目的,具有较强的推广性和适用性。     

计算页岩气储层矿物成分含量的新方法:黏土视骨架密度法——以涪陵页岩气田为例

常规测井计算方法难以满足页岩气田探明储量申报对储层矿物含量解释精度的要求。基于全岩X衍射和数字岩心构建实验对下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层矿物成分的认识,建立了简化的岩石物理体积模型,把岩石骨架近似看作由硅质矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物组成。引入"黏土视骨架密度"参数,建立了新的储层矿物含量计算公式。采用岩心全岩X衍射、岩心物性、有机碳含量数据,建立适合研究区的黏土视骨架密度法系列计算图版。基于常规测井数据计算出有机碳含量,通过图版可求得黏土视骨架密度,进一步可求得页岩中与简化模型相对应的三类矿物含量。与传统方法对比,"黏土视骨架密度法"解释精度相对较高,且费用低廉,易于在研究区推广。     

胶莱盆地重磁资料解释与构造特征分析

胶莱盆地位于郯庐断裂带东侧，是典型的拉张盆地，内部划分为诸城凹陷、柴沟地垒、高密凹陷、大野头凸起、莱阳凹陷、牟平──即墨断裂带、海阳凹陷。运用重力资料一级近似解法，定量计算了胶莱盆地基底埋深，结合磁异常解释等，本文重点讨论了盆地内主要断裂的形成时期，切割深度及空间演化。并进一步将诸城凹陷细分为胶县洼陷、集王疃洼陷、平度洼陷、马山构造带、刘家庄构造带、李党家构造带。讨论总结了该盆地构造特征及其发育规律，为该区油气勘探提供了新的认识与依据。