实测天然气扩散系数在地层条件下的校正

在研究天然气在地下岩石中扩散机理及扩散系数测试方法的基础上，指出了实测天然气扩散系数与地层条件下的差异，利用实测饱和水和干样条件下人造石英粉砂岩的扩散系数值的比值与其物性之间的关系，利用爱因斯坦方程产实测天然气扩散系数的饱和介质转换和温度校正方法，该方法的实际应用表明，校正结果符合地质规律，表明该校正方法是可行的。     

Investigation of gas content of organic-rich shale:A case study from Lower Permian shale in southern North China Basin,central China

Measuring gas content is an essential step in estimating the commerciality of gas reserves. In this study,eight shale core samples from the Mouye-1 well were measured using a homemade patented gas desorption apparatus to determine their gas contents. Due to the air contamination that is introduced into the desorption canister, a mathematical method was devised to correct the gas quantity and quality.Compared to the chemical compositions of desorbed gas, the chemical compositions of residual gas are somewhat different. In residual gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen record a slight increase, and propane is first observed. This phenomenon may be related to the exposure time during the transportation of shale samples from the drilling site to the laboratory, as well as the differences in the mass, size and adsorptivity of different gas molecules. In addition to a series of conventional methods, including the USBM direct method and the Amoco Curve Fit(ACF) method, which were used here for lost gas content estimation, a Modified Curve Fit(MCF) method, based on the 'bidisperse' diffusion model, was established to estimate lost gas content. By fitting the ACF and MCF models to gas desorption data, we determined that the MCF method could reasonably describe the gas desorption data over the entire time period, whereas the ACF method failed. The failure of the ACF method to describe the gas desorption process may be related to its restrictive assumption of a single pore size within shale samples. In comparison to the indirect method, this study demonstrates that none of the three methods studied in this investigation(USBM, ACF and MCF) could individually estimate the lost gas contents of all shale samples and that the proportion of free gas relative to total gas has a significant effect on the estimation accuracy of the selected method. When the ratio of free gas to total gas is lower than 45%, the USBM method is the best for estimating the lost gas content, whereas when the ratio ranges from 45% to 75% or is more than 75%, the ACF and MCF methods, are the best options respectively.     

Integration of local–global upscaling and grid adaptivity for simulation of subsurface flow in heterogeneous formations

We propose a methodology, called multilevel local–global (MLLG) upscaling, for generating accurate upscaled models of permeabilities or transmissibilities for flow simulation on adapted grids in heterogeneous subsurface formations. The method generates an initial adapted grid based on the given fine-scale reservoir heterogeneity and potential flow paths. It then applies local–global (LG) upscaling for permeability or transmissibility [7], along with adaptivity, in an iterative manner. In each iteration of MLLG, the grid can be adapted where needed to reduce flow solver and upscaling errors. The adaptivity is controlled with a flow-based indicator. The iterative process is continued until consistency between the global solve on the adapted grid and the local solves is obtained. While each application of LG upscaling is also an iterative process, this inner iteration generally takes only one or two iterations to converge. Furthermore, the number of outer iterations is bounded above, and hence, the computational costs of this approach are low. We design a new flow-based weighting of transmissibility values in LG upscaling that significantly improves the accuracy of LG and MLLG over traditional local transmissibility calculations. For highly heterogeneous (e.g., channelized) systems, the integration of grid adaptivity and LG upscaling is shown to consistently provide more accurate coarse-scale models for global flow, relative to reference fine-scale results, than do existing upscaling techniques applied to uniform grids of similar densities. Another attractive property of the integration of upscaling and adaptivity is that process dependency is strongly reduced, that is, the approach computes accurate global flow results also for flows driven by boundary conditions different from the generic boundary conditions used to compute the upscaled parameters. The method is demonstrated on Cartesian cell-based anisotropic refinement (CCAR) grids, but it can be applied to other adaptation strategies for structured grids and extended to unstructured grids.     

中国海相油气田勘探实例(之一) 四川盆地罗家寨大型气田的发现和探明

罗家寨气田发现于2000年,是四川盆地迄今为止发现的储量规模最大的一个气田,2002年探明储量为581.08×108m3。其下三叠统飞仙关组储层由碳酸盐岩蒸发台地边缘优质鲕粒滩白云岩构成,圈闭面积大,构造幅度高,具有一定的埋藏隐蔽性。论述了气田的发现和探明过程,气藏地质的特征,以及对碳酸盐岩气藏勘探的启示。     

华北平原冬麦田土壤CH4的吸收特征研究

利用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法,对华北平原冬小麦拔节-成熟期间麦田土壤CH₄气体通量进行了测定,得出华北平原典型冬麦田土壤是大气CH₄的弱吸收汇。试验期间土壤CH₄通量存在明显的季节变化和日变化,麦田拔节-成熟期间土壤CH₄通量日平均值为-18.3μg·m^-2·h^-1,波动范围为-4.3-24.4μg·m^-2·h^-1;在土壤CH₄通量的日变化中,观测到麦田土壤在午间和夜间都有一个吸收峰,峰值出现的时间因生育期不同而有所不同。试验期间CH₄通量日平均值与土壤温度关系不明显,而与土壤水分呈负相关(α=0.01);日变化中土壤CH₄通量与地表温度的相关性较差,而与5cm地温相关密切。麦田拔节-成熟期间土壤CH₄通量日平均值随NH4+-N施用量的增加呈递减规律,农田秸秆还田后不利于土壤对CH₄的吸收。     

Carbons at the heart of questions on energy and environment: A nanostructural approach

The organization of disordered carbons at the nanometer scale, or nanostructure, reveals very precisely their formation conditions, either in Nature or in the laboratory or in industry. Its study allows a better understanding of the properties of such solids. Only High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) allows a direct imaging of the nanostructure, whereas Raman microspectrometry provides quantitative but averaged structural data. Applications of the original coupling of Raman with HRTEM, especially in the fields of Energy and Environment, are numerous and promising. Two examples are given concerning the decontamination of irradiated nuclear graphite waste and detection of hydrocarbons trapped in oil and gas shales. Moreover, the study of wood carbonization led our team to propose a novel Raman-based paleothermometer. This approach finds an unexpected application in archeology (e.g., the study of fire marks in prehistoric caves).     

天然气水合物模型的瞬变电磁响应

在采用瞬变电偶极一偶极装置(ERER)装王的海洋瞬变电磁法对天然气水舍物进行正演模拟计算中,采用了先汉克尔变换(Hankel)后逆拉普拉斯变换法(G-S)的计算方法.由阿尔奇公式计算出水合物层按正弦规律变化的典型海洋地电模型.根据已知的地电模型计算天然气水含物的瞬变阶跃响应的一阶导数.从结果来看,水合物瞬变响应梯度的最小值最能反映出与水合物含量的关系,从中找出对天然气水合物做出了综合的资源评价夏解释工作的有用信息.     

The mud volcanoes of Pakistan

Marine-geologic investigations on the Arabian Sea by Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in 1995 and 1998, and land expeditions in 1998 and 1999 to the coastal regions of the Makran Desert/Pakistan have extended the knowledge of the aerial distribution of mud volcanoes. These structures rise from under-compacted formations within the regional accretionary prism, which is built by the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Arabian Sea and its km-thick sedimentary load. The occurrence of mud volcanoes is limited to the abyssal plain near the accretionary front, to the coastal region of the Makran Desert and to a region in the interior of the Desert to the south to southeast of the so-called Hinglay Synform. The location of mud volcanoes in Pakistan is clearly tied to fault systems. Mud volcanoes are conspicuously absent on the lower slope of the accretionary prism, where thick gas hydrate layers have developed. The presence of large gas plumes emerging from the seafloor landward of the gas hydrate stability zone at water depths of less than 800 m points to a redirection of fluids from depth, which might explain the absence of mud volcanoes along the lower slope.     

常见稀有气体采样容器研究进展及意义

稀有气体是地学研究的重要手段之一,在研究成矿流体来源、壳幔相互作用过程中具有重要的研究意义,其组成及同位素比值是研究天体和地质体来源、成岩机理及各种地质和物理化学过程的关键,可作为地球化学示踪剂。如何有效地在大气圈、水圈和岩石圈进行稀有气体同位素样品的提取,是气体同位素研究急需解决的基础科学问题,所以气体采样容器和取样技术显得尤为重要。本文在文献调研的基础上,对常见的采样容器的优缺点进行对比,并总结了不同采样容器对稀有气体取样的优劣性。常见的气体采集容器包括不锈钢瓶、铜管、玻璃瓶、气体采样袋、注射器等,而稀有气体的采集容器常为不锈钢瓶和铜管等;通过对比表明不锈钢瓶具有耐高温、耐高压、抗强腐蚀、不易燃、不易爆等特点和优越性,在气体样品采集和运输过程中稳定性最好,实验效果也最好;铜管采样效果和密封性好,但操作较为复杂;玻璃采样容器效果次之;石英玻璃瓶虽然操作简便,但是运输保存不便;气体采样袋和注射器的采集和运输储存效果较差。因此建议稀有气体样品采集使用不锈钢瓶和铜管以及钠钙材质的玻璃瓶,不建议将石英材质玻璃容器以及注射器和气袋作为稀有气体的采样工具。该工作可为气体地球化学的研究提供新的参考。     

裂隙充填型天然气水合物的各向异性分析及饱和度估算——以印度东海岸NGHP01-10D井为例

沿裂隙发育的天然气水合物是印度深水盆地细粒沉积物中水合物的重要产出方式,水合物以结核状或脉状充填在高角度裂隙中.天然气水合物主要沿着构造主应力方向生成,由于裂隙的存在,含水合物的沉积物层呈现各向异性.利用孔隙介质中水合物呈均匀分布的速度模型计算的NGHP01-10D井水合物饱和度高达40%,而压力取芯表明水合物饱和度占孔隙空间的20%左右.为了研究水合物饱和度差异,基于层状介质的各向异性模型计算了裂隙充填型水合物的饱和度.在垂直井孔中,由于波入射角与裂隙倾角有关,考虑裂隙倾角变化,利用纵波和横波速度同时反演水合物饱和度和裂隙倾角.利用层状介质模型计算的水合物占孔隙空间的15%～25%,裂隙的倾角在60°～90°,多为高角度裂隙.在NGHP01-10D井中,纵横波速度联合计算的饱和度与压力取芯结果吻合更好.