Petrology of a non-classical Barrovian inverted metamorphic sequence from the western Arunachal Himalaya, India

In this study, we reconstruct the inverted metamorphic sequence in the western Arunachal Himalaya using combined structural and metamorphic analyses of rocks of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan Sequences. Four thrust-bounded stratigraphic units, which from the lower to higher structural heights are (a) the Gondwana rocks and relatively weakly deformed metasediments of the Bomdila Group, (b) the tectonically interleaved sequence of Bomdila gneiss and Bomdila Group, (c) the Dirang Formation and (d) the Se La Group are exposed along the transect, Jira–Rupa–Bomdila–Dirang–Se La Pass. The Main Central thrust, which coincides with intense strain localization and the first appearance of kyanite-grade partial melt is placed at the base of the Se La Group.Five metamorphic zones from garnet through kyanite, kyanite migmatite, kyanite-sillimanite migmatite to K-feldspar-kyanite-sillimanite migmatites are sequentially developed in the metamorphosed low-alumina pelites of Dirang and Se La Group, with increasing structural heights. Three phases of deformation, D₁–D₂–D₃ and two groups of planar structures, S₁ and S₂ are recognized, and S₂ is the most pervasive one. Mineral growths in all these zones are dominantly late-to post-D₂, excepting in some garnet-zone rocks, where syn-D₁ garnet growths are documented. Metamorphic isograds, which are aligned parallel to S₂ were subsequently folded during D₃. The deformation produced plane-non-cylindrical fold along NW–SE axis.In the garnet-zone, peak metamorphism is marked by garnet growth through the reaction biotite + plagioclase → garnet + muscovite. An even earlier phase of syn-D₁ garnet growth occurred in the chlorite stability field with or without epidote. In the kyanite-zone metapelites, kyanite appeared via the pressure-sensitive reaction, garnet + muscovite → kyanite + biotite + quartz. Staurolite was produced in the same rock by retrograde replacement of kyanite following the reaction, garnet + kyanite + H₂O → staurolite + quartz. These reactions depart from the classical kyanite- and staurolite-isograd reactions in low-alumina pelites, encountered in other segments of eastern Himalaya. In the metapelites, just above the kyanite-zone, melting begins in the kyanite field, through water-saturated and water-undersaturated melting of paragonite component in white mica. Leucosomes formed through these reactions are characteristically free of K-feldspar, with sodic plagioclase and quartz as the dominant constituents. With increasing structural height, the melting shifts to water-undersaturated melting of muscovite component of white mica, producing an early K-feldspar + kyanite and later K-feldspar + sillimanite assemblages and granitic leucosomes.Applications of conventional geothermobarometry and average P–T method reveal near isobaric (at P  8 kbar) increase in peak metamorphic temperatures from 550 °C in the garnet-zone to >700 °C for K-feldspar-kyanite-sillimanite-zone rocks. The findings of near isobaric metamorphic field gradient and by the reconstruction of the reaction history, reveal that the described inverted metamorphic sequence in the western Arunachal Himalaya, deviates from the classical Barrovian-type metamorphism. The tectonic implication of such a metamorphic evolution is discussed.     

在定向生班进行因材施教初探

本文介绍了在定向生班和委培生班进行有关高等数学教学方面的教学经验;因材施材,教书育人和培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力等。     

Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya

Measuring some 2400 km in length, the Himalaya accommodate millions of people in northern India and Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of other Asian nations. Every year, especially during monsoon rains, landslides and related natural events in these mountains cause tremendous damage to lives, property, infrastructure, and environment. In the context of the Himalaya, however, the rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation are not well understood. This paper describes regional aspects of rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Himalaya. Some 677 landslides occurring from 1951 to 2006 were studied to analyze rainfall thresholds. Out of the 677 landslides, however, only 193 associated with rainfall data were analyzed to yield a threshold relationship between rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, and landslide initiation. The threshold relationship fitted to the lower boundary of the field defined by landslide-triggering rainfall events is I = 73.90D^− 0.79 (I = rainfall intensity in mm h^− 1 and D = duration in hours), revealing that when the daily precipitation exceeds 144 mm, the risk of landslides on Himalayan mountain slopes is high. Normalized rainfall intensity–duration relationships and landslide initiation thresholds were established from the data after normalizing rainfall-intensity data with respect to mean annual precipitation (MAP) as an index in which N_I = 1.10D^− 0.59 (N_I = normalized intensity in h^− 1). Finally, the role of antecedent rainfall in causing landslides was also investigated by considering daily rainfall during failure and the cumulative rainfall to discover at what point antecedent rainfall plays an important role in Himalayan landslide processes. Rainfall thresholds presented in this paper are generalized so they can be used in landslide warning systems in the Nepal Himalaya.     

《建筑工程测量》课程改革的探索与实践

根据高职土建类建筑工程专业的人才培养目标 ,结合测量新技术和人才市场的需求 ,提出了《建筑工程测量》课程改革与建设的办法与措施 ,符合教学认知规律 ,利于改进教学效果和提高教学质量。     

喜马拉雅东端基底岩系及其建造特征

扼于雅鲁藏布江大拐弯内侧的喜马拉雅东端是一个受断层控制的独立构造岩层体，由结晶基底变质杂岩构成。该地体于喜马拉雅造山时期呈北东斜向板内逸脱，进而向冈底斯岩浆弧横推楔进，构成印度斯河—雅鲁藏布江缝合线转折部核心。该区基底岩系由富铝硅酸盐及钙硅酸盐结晶杂岩组成。岩层已受复杂的多期褶皱叠加和断裂变形，具强烈混合岩化态征。运用“构造—地层学“方法将区内变质岩系划分为多雄拉片麻岩组和阿尼桥片岩组，分别代表下部和上部二套不同层次的结晶岩序列，并将其归并为南迦巴瓦岩群。与此同时，对基底岩系的建造特征进行了分析讨论。同位素年龄测定表明，南迦巴瓦岩群的原岩形成于中元古代     

由GPS测量得到的喜马拉雅的现今构造变形

根据新的GPS观测结果建立西喜马拉雅(WH)、中喜马拉雅(CH)和东喜马拉雅(EH)块体的弹性运动模型。将块体运动分解为整体旋转与内部变形。WH向北运动,平均速率31.5 mm/a;CH NNE向运动,平均速率31.1 mm/a;EH NE向运动,平均速率27.0 mm/a.喜马拉雅山在总体上呈现S-N向缩短与NWW-SEE向伸展。山脉中部S-N向的缩短速率最大平均14.6 mm/a,大约吸收了印度与欧亚板块汇聚速率的35.7%。山脉存在明显的NWW-SEE向伸展变形,西部与东北部之间E-W方向的伸展速率为11.0 mm/a.山脉中段南边界的主压应变率最大,都大于7.5×10-8/a,而主张应变率最小,都小于1.0×10-8/a.山脉的西南角与EH的西北部主张应变率最大,都大于3.7×10-8/a.印度板块对欧亚板块的强烈碰撞与持续推挤力,重力势能差和上地幔的拖曳力是喜马拉雅山现今构造变形的主要驱动力。     

IS THE GRENVILLE PROVINCE AN ANCIENT ANALOGUE OF THE HIMALAYAN BELT?

IS THE GRENVILLE PROVINCE AN ANCIENT ANALOGUE OF THE HIMALAYAN BELT?1　All埁ｇｒｅＣＪ ,2 4others.StructureandevolutionoftheHimalayan Tibetorogenicbelt[J].Nature ,1984,30 7:17～ 2 2 . 2　BurgJP ,DavyP ,MartinodJ .Shorteningofanaloguemodelsofthecontinentallithosphere :Newhypothesisforthefor mationoftheTibetanplateau[J].Tectonics ,1994,13:475～ 483. 3　BurtmanVS ,MolnarP .GeologicalandgeophysicalevidencefordeepsubductionofcontinentalcrustbeneaththePamir[C]…     

Fuzzy-based method for landslide hazard assessment in active seismic zone of Himalaya

Landslides in Himalaya cause widespread damage in terms of property and human lives. It the present study, an attempt is made to derive information on causative parameters and preparation of landslide-susceptible map using fuzzy data integration in one of the seismically active region of Garhwal Himalaya that was recently devastated by a huge landslide. High-resolution remotely sensed data products acquired from Indian Remote Sensing Satellite before and after the landslide event were processed to improve interpretability and derivation of causative parameters. Spatial data sets such as lithology, rock weathering, geomorphology, lineaments, drainage, land use, anthropogenic factor, soil type and depth, slope gradient, and slope aspect were integrated using fuzzy gamma operator. The final map was reclassified in to five classes such as highly to lowly susceptible classes based on cumulative cutoff. The result shows around 72% of known landslide areas including the large Uttarkashi landslide in the high and very high susceptibility classes comprising of only 37% of the total area. The precipitation data from ground- and satellite-based observations were compared; the precipitation threshold and the role of seismic activity were analyzed for initiation of landslide.