2013年芦山MS7.0地震前甘孜台地电阻率变化分析

甘孜台地电阻率N30°E测道观测资料自2011年7月开始出现趋势上升变化,N60°W测道地电阻率则从2012年出现趋势上升变化.2011年测区原317国道实施扩建工程,N30°E测道测量电极分别向供电极方向移动10m.采用甘孜台电测深曲线以水平层状模型反演了测区的电性结构,理论计算表明,测量电极的移动将会引起N30°E测道4Ω·m的上升变化,扣除这部分变化后,甘孜台两测道观测值于2012年同步上升.以水平层状模型计算了甘孜台两测道各层介质的影响系数,两测道浅层两层介质影响系数均为负,能合理地解释甘孜台地电阻率在雨季降水量增加时观测值上升、旱季降水量减少时观测值下降这一“夏高冬低”的年变现象.建立三维有限元模型计算了317国道拓宽部分对观测的影响,计算结果表明,拓宽部分仅能引起N60°W测道约0.15Ω·m的下降变化和N30°E测道约0.1Ω ·m的上升变化,其对观测的影响非常小.同时2013年1月甘孜台两测道年变低值显著高于2008年以来各年的年变低值,在芦山地震前呈同步的上升变化,但是与汶川地震前的下降变化相反,因此甘孜台自2012年的趋势上升变化是不是芦山地震的前兆异常还难以确定.     

Late Triassic thickening of the Songpan–Ganzi Triassic flysch at the edge of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Growing geologic evidence documents incremental Mesozoic and early Cenozoic shortening and thickening of the Tibetan crust prior to the onset of the main Cenozoic orogenic event. The Tibetan crust shows spatial and temporal variability in thickness, style, and timing of thickening, and in plateau-forming processes. The Songpan–Ganzi area of northeastern Tibet provides evidence for shortening and thickening of the crust in Late Triassic time. An oil exploratory well (HC-1) of 7012.4 m located in the area shows at least six tectonic repetitions, resulting in more than ～46% thickening of the Triassic sequence. It indicates that the true thickness of the Songpan–Ganzi Triassic flysch is not 10–15 km as previously assumed, but not more than 3–5 km. Based on this evidence, combined with prior tectonostratigraphic studies, we propose that substantial crustal shortening and thickening, leading to initial plateau formation in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, had already occurred during the Late Triassic.     

U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope systematics of detrital zircons from the Songpan–Ganzi Triassic flysch,NE Tibetan Plateau: implications for provenance and crustal growth

We conducted in situ U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope analyses of 401 detrital zircons collected from the Songpan–Ganzi Triassic turbidite complex in an attempt to understand the provenance variations of the siliciclastic rocks and the crustal growth history of central China. These detrital zircons exhibit a wide age spectrum with three major peaks at 1.7–2.0 Ga, 750–1050 Ma, and 210–500 Ma. They are dominated by negative ?_Hf(t) values with a large range. Synthesis of the zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data indicate that the Triassic Songpan–Ganzi turbiditic succession could have been derived dominantly from the Tibetan terrains + the Kunlun and Qinling orogens. Our samples are characterized by a common, prominent group of Hf crust formation model ages at 0.8–4.1 Ga with a peak at 2.7–3.4 Ga. This fact indicates that (1) Phanerozoic magmatism in central China could have been predominantly products of crustal reworking with insignificant formation of juvenile crust and (2) the Neoarchaean was an important period of continental growth in central China. In addition, our data set also reveal that three widespread tectonothermal events could have occurred in the region during the late Mesoproterzoic, Palaeozoic, and early Mesozoic, respectively.     

川西洛莫地区燕山早期花岗岩对稀有金属成矿的制约

川西是我国重要的稀有金属产地之一,主要由甲基卡、可尔因、扎乌龙、九龙矿集区组成。甲基卡、可尔因矿集区已发现李家沟、党坝、甲基卡等超大型—大型锂铍矿床,而九龙地区仅发现打枪沟中型锂铍矿床。本文通过对九龙洛莫地区花岗岩开展岩石学、地球化学、锆石及独居石U-Pb年代学研究,以确定桥棚子及其周缘花岗岩的成因、构造背景和伟晶岩的时空联系,为九龙河流域及其周缘的稀有金属找矿勘探工作提供依据。结果显示,桥棚子及其周缘花岗岩具高的SiO₂(69.98%～76.80%)、Al₂O₃(13.72%～15.29%)、K₂O+Na₂O(6.71%～7.24%),为过铝质、钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列,具低REE、Sr、δEu(0.35～1.02)和HFSE含量,高LREE/HREE、Yb和LILE含量及高分异指数(79.67～91.73),且花岗岩具有较高的Ga/Al比值(10000×Ga/Al=2.45～3.11)。锆石和独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄显示,桥棚子岩体成岩年龄为(168.2±0.9...     

甘孜附近的小震活动与中强地震的对应关系研究

结合甘孜地区的地震构造,对甘孜县境内及县城附近55 km范围内发生的ML≥3.0级以上地震与周围地区的中强地震活动分析,发现甘孜附近3.0级以上地震与附近地区的中强地震的发生具有一定对应关系,提出了2个预测指标,预测时间为半年的通过了置信水平为97.5%的R值检验,分析认为甘孜地区的地震活动是鲜水河地震带强震活动及附近中强地震活动的指示窗口。     

Systematic deflection and offset of the Yangtze River drainage system along the strike-slip Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault Zone,Tibetan Plateau

The Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault Zone (GYXFZ) is a typical active strike-slip fault that has triggered many large historic earthquakes, including the 2010 M_w 6.9 Yushu earthquake in the central Tibetan Plateau. This fault zone extends for ca. 800 km from the central Tibetan Plateau to its southeastern margin and varies in trend from WNW-ESE in the northwestern segment of the fault zone to NNW-SSE in the southeastern segment, having the geometry of an arc projecting northeastwards. In this study, we present evidence for the systematical sinistral deflection and/or offset of the Yangtze River and its branch stream channels and valleys along the GYXFZ. Topographic analysis of three-dimensional (3D) perspective images constructed using digital elevation model (DEM) data, 0.5 m-resolution WorldView and GeoEye images, and 15 m-resolution Landsat-Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images, together with analysis of geological structures, reveals the following: (i) the main river channels and valleys of the Yangtze River drainage system show systematic sinistral deflections and/or offsets along the GYXFZ; (ii) various amounts of sinistral offset have accumulated on the tributary stream channels, valleys, and gullies of the Yangtze River along the fault, with a linear relation, D = aL, between the upstream length L from the deflected point and the offset amount D with a certain coefficient a; (iii) the maximum amount of sinistral offset is up to ca. 60 km, which was accumulated in the past 13–5 Ma; and (iv) the long-term average strike-slip rate is ca. 4.6–12 mm/year. Geological and geomorphic evidence, combined with geophysical data, demonstrates that the GYXFZ is currently active as one of the major seismogenic faults in the Tibetan Plateau, dominated by left-lateral strike-slip motion. Our findings supply important evidence for the tectonic evolution of strike-slip faults in the Tibetan Plateau since the Eurasia-India continental collision.     

松潘－甘孜南部玛孜措石英闪长岩的地球 化学特征、同位素年龄及其构造意义

玛孜措石英闪长岩体位于松潘 甘孜地体南部的甘孜地体内,地处鲜水河断裂带西南侧。岩体具高钾（3.53%~3.86%）、富钙（4.91%~6.07%）、贫铝（14.60%~15.24%）,铝饱和指数（A/CNK=0.80~0.89）偏低的特征,岩石稀土总量较低,轻稀土中度富集,δEu介于0.46~0.53之间,Eu中度亏损,岩石（87Sr/86Sr）i比值介于0.707407~0.707640,表明岩浆起源于壳 幔混熔或下地壳物质的部分熔融,属下地壳重熔的I型高钾钙碱性花岗岩系列。在微量元素构造环境判别图上,样品都落在岛弧区,反映了石英闪长岩具有与岛弧型花岗岩相似的地球化学性质。岩体具较高的Rb（60.1×10-6~85.9×10-6）、Cs（4.01×10-6~19.62×10-6）含量和K2O/Na2O比值（1.31~1.82）,反映源区可能与黑云母的脱水熔融有关。玛孜措石英闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄为221±2.0 Ma（MSWD=1.4）,显示岩体侵位时代为晚三叠世;而全岩Rb Sr等时线年龄为207.0±2.0 Ma（R=0.9979）,显示岩体就位时代为晚三叠世晚期。玛孜措岩体形成于晚三叠世弧后构造环境,是幔源岩浆的底侵作用导致壳-幔混熔的产物。     

锆石微量元素示踪锂成矿岩浆-热液演化过程

锂成矿过程中的岩浆- 热液演化过程目前仍不清楚。锆石作为花岗岩和伟晶岩中普遍存在的副矿物,其微量元素成分演化可以记录岩浆演化过程。本文以松潘- 甘孜构造带可尔因地区的花岗岩和伟晶岩中的锆石作为研究对象,对其进行原位微量元素分析。锆石的形态结构特征显示花岗闪长岩与花岗岩中的锆石为岩浆锆石,而伟晶岩中的锆石受到不同程度热液作用影响。元素分析结果显示,从太阳河花岗闪长岩到可尔因二云母花岗岩到无锂辉石伟晶岩到锂辉石伟晶岩,锆石中的稀有金属元素(Li、Sn、Nb、Ta和Hf)和U含量逐渐升高,锆石的Zr/Hf比值逐渐降低。除此之外,太阳河花岗闪长岩和可尔因二云母花岗岩中的锆石具有较低的Fe含量,而无锂辉石伟晶岩和锂辉石伟晶岩中的锆石具有明显升高的Fe含量,且锆石Fe含量与稀有金属元素含量具有正相关关系,反映出热液作用越强,稀有金属含量越高的特征。热液导致伟晶岩中锆石的U- Pb体系受到改造,使得获得的年龄不可靠,而伟晶岩铌钽矿U- Pb年龄(210 Ma)相对可靠。基于锆石的微量元素特征,我们认为太阳河花岗闪长岩与锂成矿伟晶岩没有成因联系,二云母花岗岩与锂成矿伟晶岩具有成因联系,但是二云母花岗岩不是成矿伟晶岩的直接母岩。二云母花岗岩和无锂辉石伟晶岩Li锆石/Li全岩接近甚至超过1,指示其与全岩成分不平衡,表明岩浆演化过程中曾形成富锂熔体,且富锂熔体的形成与液态不混溶作用无关,而是岩浆分异的结果。富锂熔体可能在区域拆离断层作用下从岩浆体系中分离,随后不断演化形成了锂辉石伟晶岩,而残余岩浆逐渐冷却结晶形成了二云母花岗岩和无锂辉石伟晶岩。基于锆石中的微量元素可以有效示踪锂成矿过程,并且利用碎屑锆石的微量元素特征还可以指示区域富锂岩浆的存在及其形成时代,有望成为示踪区域锂成矿的一种新方法。     

Proximal provenance of the western Songpan–Ganzi turbidite complex (Late Triassic, eastern Tibetan plateau): Implications for the tectonic amalgamation of China

The Late Triassic Songpan–Ganzi turbidite complex on the eastern Tibetan plateau, which covers an area of ~ 2.2 × 10⁵ km², is one of the largest flysch turbiditic basins on Earth. It is juxtaposed with major Chinese continental blocks across several outstanding Tethyan sutures, and is critical to elucidating the tectonic amalgamation of China. However, the provenance of the turbidites remains the subject of intense debate. Detrital modes and heavy-mineral spectra of sandstone samples from three turbidite profiles in the western Songpan–Ganzi complex were determined in an attempt to elucidate their provenance and the type of tectonic setting in which they were deposited. Upper Triassic turbidites in the western Songpan–Ganzi complex have an overwhelming derivation from an orogen source, as shown by the average framework compositions of the sandstones (Q₅₇F₂₁L₂₂, Qm₅₂F₂₁Lt₂₇, Qp₂₃Lvm₀Lsm₇₇). The compositional and textural immaturity of the sandstones suggests limited transport and nearby sources. Both light and heavy mineral and lithic fractions indicate dominant metamorphic source rocks and subordinate ophiolitic and sedimentary source rocks. The occurrence of C-type garnet, omphacite, rutile, and Si-rutile, and the high-silica content of phengites reveal that the source rocks underwent ultrahigh-pressure conditions. Therefore, we advocate that the western Songpan–Ganzi Late Triassic turbidites were derived from nearby central Qiangtang Triassic collisional orogen sources, rather than distant Dabie–Qinling sources eroded after North China–South China collision, as previously proposed. The analogy of the Songpan–Ganzi turbidites to the Bengal–Indus fans is not favored. The central Qiangtang metamorphic belt is unlikely to have occurred as an early Mesozoic mélange underthrust from the Jinsa suture, and is more likely to have been an in situ Triassic ultrahigh-pressure orogen. Our provenance interpretation implies that the Paleotethys, represented by the present Jinsa and Kunlun sutures, was not yet closed when central Qiangtang was being exhumed to supply the sediments of the Songpan–Ganzi basin. This challenges the conventional model for sequential amalgamation of China during the Phanerozoic.     

松潘- 甘孜造山带南部江浪穹隆中侏罗世花岗岩及构造意义

新火山和乌拉溪花岗岩体侵位于松潘-甘孜造山带南部的江浪穹隆中,是理解松潘-甘孜造山带的构造演化的重要窗口.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明新火山和乌拉溪花岗岩体的结晶年龄为162±1～170±0.5 Ma.岩体主要由石英、斜长石、钾长石和少量黑云母组成,具有低A/CNK(1.10～0.99)、TFeO/MgO(8.55～2.83)和K2O/Na2O(1.34～0.51),较低的Zr+Nb+Ce+Y浓度(平均258×10-6),Al2O3、P2O5与SiO2呈负相关,相当于I型花岗岩的特征.一些主微量元素具有明显的关联性,说明在岩浆演化过程中发生了分离结晶(例如:角闪石和钛铁矿).富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,并具有较低的Mg#值(38.7～17.3)和Y/Nb值(0.45～0.16)以及多数为负的εHf(t)值(-24.8～-7.6),证明岩浆可能起源于古老地壳的部分熔融并受到幔源或者新生地壳熔融混染.松潘-甘孜地块的中侏罗世岩浆活动是在造山运动向陆内伸展这一构造体制转化背景下,由于地壳伸展造成了古老中基性地壳的部分熔融.