The diurnal and seasonal characteristics of urban heat island variation in Beijing city and surrounding areas and impact factors based on remote sensing satellite data

Based on the land surface temperature (LST), the land cover classification map,vegetation coverage, and surface evapotranspiration derived from EOS-MODIS satellite data, and by the use of GIS spatial analytic technique and multivariate statistical analysis method, the urban heat island (UHI) spatial distribution of the diurnal and seasonal variabilities and its driving forces are studied in Beijing city and surrounding areas in 2001. The relationships among UHI distribution and landcover categories, topographic factor, vegetation greenness, and surface evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results indicate that: (i) The significant UHI occur in Beijing city areas in the four seasons due to high heat capacity and multi-reflection of compression building, as well as with special topographic features of its three sides surrounded by mountains,especially in the summer. The UHI spatial distribution is corresponding with the urban geometry structure profile. The LST difference is approximately 4-6℃ between Beijing city and suburb areas, comparatively is 8- 10℃ between Beijing city area and outer suburb area in northwestern regions. (ii) The UHI distribution and intensity in daytime are different from nighttime in Beijing city area, the nighttime UHI is obvious. However, in the daytime, the significant UHI mainly appears in the summer, the autumn takes second place, and the UHI in the winter and the spring seem not obvious. The surface evapotranspiration in suburb areas is larger than that in urban areas in the summer, and high latent heat exchange is evident, which leads to LST difference between city area and suburb area. (iii) The reflection of surface landcover categories is sensitive to the UHI, the correlation between vegetation greenness and UHI shows obviously negative.The scatterplot shows that there is the negative correlation between NDVI and LST (R2 = 0.6481).The results demonstrate that the vegetation greenness is an important factor for reducing the UHI,and large-scale construction of greenbelts can considerably reduce the UHI effect.     

Effect of the Initial Vortex Structure on Intensity Change During Eyewall Replacement Cycle of Tropical Cyclones: A Numerical Study

This study investigates the effect of the initial tropical cyclone (TC) vortex structure on the intensity change during the eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) of TCs based on two idealized simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results show that an initially smaller TC with weaker outer winds experienced a much more drastic intensity change during the ERC than an initially larger TC with stronger outer winds. It is found that an initially larger TC vortex with stronger outer winds favored the development of more active spiral rainbands outside the outer eyewall, which slowed down the contraction and intensification of the outer eyewall and thus prolonged the duration of the concentric eyewall and slow intensity evolution. In contrast, the initially smaller TC with weaker outer winds corresponded to higher inertial stability in the inner core and weaker inertial stability but stronger filamentation outside the outer eyewall. These led to stronger boundary layer inflow, stronger updraft and convection in the outer eyewall, and suppressed convective activity outside the outer eyewall. These resulted in the rapid weakening during the formation of the outer eyewall, followed by a rapid re-intensification of the TC during the ERC. Our study demonstrates that accurate in- itialization of the TC structure in numerical models is crucial for predicting changes in TC intensity during the ERC. Additionally, monitoring the activity of spiral rainbands outside the outer eyewall can help to improve short-term intensity forecasts for TCs experiencing ERCs.     

辽宁省精细化暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估与预评估

基于辽宁省61个国家气象站1961—2020年和998个区域自动气象观测站建站至2020年逐小时、逐日降水资料,分析了辽宁省暴雨洪涝灾害主要致灾因子,计算了暴雨洪涝孕灾环境指标,完成了辽宁省暴雨洪涝灾害危险性评估。结果表明：暴雨洪涝高危险性地区主要位于丹东;暴雨洪涝灾害人口高风险区主要位于沈阳和大连市区;经济高风险区主要位于大连和盘锦市区;水稻、玉米高风险区主要位于锦州、盘锦和丹东。利用辽宁省无缝隙智能网格预报数据对2022年7月28—29日的暴雨过程灾害风险进行了预评估,发现暴雨灾害危险性高值区域主要分布在朝阳、葫芦岛以及辽宁中部。暴雨灾害可能造成的人口、经济高风险区域主要位于辽宁西部和中部地区;暴雨灾害可能造成的水稻和玉米高风险区主要位于沈阳、铁岭和朝阳北部等地区。预计高风险区主要影响人口约为449万人,经济损失约为1432万元,受影响的水稻面积约为1.028万公顷、玉米面积约为1.798万公顷。通过灾后效果检验,发现预评估模型效果良好,可在实际的暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估业务中使用。     

清代陕南秦巴山地的人类行为及其与环境的关系

对人类行为空间特征认识的不足,是地理学人地关系理论与实践研究的主要障碍。本文以文化、风俗、政策等影响人类行为的人文因素为切入点,运用时空剖面分析法,考察了清代陕南流民空间行为选择的基本取向。结果表明,人类空间选择行为遵循风俗相近原则,而不是地理环境最优原则。追求单位时间上效果最大化是流民行为选择的普遍趋势。人类空间行为的选择性强化了自然差异的等级和水平,不同区域人类行为结果的外部关联性,指出传统的仅从区域内部或某一种人类行为来寻求简单的"人—地"因果关系的缺陷。从系统或流域的观点来考察人类环境行为的相互影响关系,是认识和把握人地关系实质与机理的重要途径。     

塔里木盆地西部古岩盐地质地球化学特征与成钾条件分析

塔里木盆地是我国重要的成盐盆地,为我国最有远景的找古钾矿地区之一。本文通过多年野外实地调查和大量岩盐样品的化学分析,特别是岩盐中可以指示沉积阶段的Br×103/Cl系数等区域分布特征,联系前人研究资料,分别从构造环境、地层和岩相古地理、地球化学特征等方面进行了成钾条件分析。结果表明,莎车盆地西部喀什坳陷和库车盆地中部拜城坳陷宏观地质特征均有利于钾盐沉积;岩盐地球化学组成相对于正常海相沉积表现出明显的贫Br特征,属海陆交互相或海源陆相沉积。相比之下,莎车盆地的喀什次级坳陷是目前最有前景的找钾远景区。     

热液中铅、锌、银共生分异的热力学探讨

通过元素基本性质的对比以及热力学计算分析，探讨了热液中银、铅、锌的共生分异机制。在酸性至近中性条件下，氯配合物是它们在热液中的存在形式，其中锌氯配合物最稳定；在近中性到碱性条件下，硫氢配合物占主导地位，此时，银硫氢配合物相对最稳定。温度下降、[Cr]降低、pH升高及f(O2)降低，引起银、铅、锌配合物溶解度减小，发生沉淀分离；对于硫氢配合物，其稳定性主要受pH及还原硫浓度的影响。因此，配合物的不同存在形式以及配合物稳定性之间的差异，使得它们对热液条件的改变做出不同的响应，从而导致了热液中银、铅、锌在成矿过程中的共生分异。     

桥梁气象专题研究与服务

根据实际开展的桥梁气象专题研究，分析桥梁气象研究与服务如何面对国内大型桥梁建设发展趋势所带来的机遇和挑战，提出开展桥梁气象研究与服务的必要性，并从桥位气候背景、桥位气象参数取值、桥梁气象研究方法以及桥梁施工及营运期气象服务与保障等方面介绍桥梁气象专题研究及服务应开展的主要内容，同时，给出一个已投入实际使用的桥梁施工期气象环境监测与预警系统的建设思路。     

唐山市钢铁工业发展特征及动力机制分析

唐山市钢铁工业自20世纪80年代以来一直为唐山市的支柱产业,90年代以来,省属特大型企业唐钢和地方钢铁企业都得到了迅速发展,在唐山市经济总量中占据着举足轻重的地位。本文详细分析唐山市钢铁产业的发展过程,探讨改革开放以来影响城市最具代表性产业的驱动因素。研究表明,基于本地化的区域产业基础和国家引导下的制度因素是唐山市钢铁工业迅速发展的主要驱动力,企业在动态的环境中适应和创新的能力则是内在因素。产品结构雷同、彼此利益独立使企业之间面临着激烈竞争,因此建议发挥政府的协调作用,引导地方企业调整工艺流程和产品结构,扶植相关产业,促进区域经济整体发展。