西藏冈底斯成矿带达布矿区色日普金矿流体包裹体研究

色日普金矿位于西藏冈底斯成矿带中段达布斑岩铜钼矿床外围。本文对该矿床矿体中赋存于含矿石英脉中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼探针以及氢氧同位素分析。研究表明:与成矿有关的流体包裹体可以分为3个大类和5个亚类;流体包裹体均一温度变化范围为117~377℃,流体盐度范围为2.57%~45.59%NaCleqv,成矿流体早期为高温、高盐度的H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,成矿期为中高温、中盐度H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,成矿晚期为中低温H2O-NaCl体系;成矿期流体包裹体气相成分除CO2外,还含少量CH4、N2等。据测温结果估算的成矿压力为120~130 MPa。通过对该矿区石英和硅化脉石英流体包裹体研究得出成矿流体主要来源于大气降水和具有显著岩浆贡献的携带金属成矿物质的热液混合的产物。     

西藏曲水县达布斑岩型铜钼矿床金属沉淀机制探讨

西藏曲水县达布斑岩型铜钼矿床位于冈底斯成矿带中东段,其矿化体主要产于含矿斑岩体与围岩的内外接触带中。文章以矿石内Cu、Mo矿化石英脉中的流体包裹体为研究对象,探讨了成矿金属沉淀的机制。通过详细的显微镜下鉴定,发现Cu、Mo矿化阶段的流体包裹体类型均以L型为主,但Cu矿化阶段的V型包裹体明显较Mo矿化阶段多,而S型包裹体较少。Cu、Mo矿化石英脉中,常见L型、V型、S型流体包裹体共存的现象,且它们的均一温度范围非常接近,说明成矿流体经历了不混溶作用,使得高盐度流体与低密度气相流体发生分离。单个流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱测试显示,在Cu、Mo矿化阶段的气相包裹体中均检测到CO2的特征峰和H2O峰,而在Mo矿化阶段的气相包裹体仅检测到CH4特征峰,说明Mo矿化阶段的流体的相对还原性更强;同时,检测到硬石膏、赤铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿等子矿物,但硬石膏、赤铁矿、磁铁矿主要分布于Cu矿化阶段,说明Cu矿化阶段的流体氧化性相对较强。对单个流体包裹体进行同步辐射X射线荧光分析(SR-RXF)显示,Cu、Au等金属主要富集于流体包裹体气相中,表明Cu、Au元素可能是气相运移。对Cu、Mo硫化物沉淀的一系列化学反应研究表明,呈氧化态以及酸度低(HCl浓度低,即偏中性)的流体会促进黄铜矿饱和;活性较高的H2S和略呈还原性的流体有利于辉钼矿的沉淀。综合分析认为,铜矿化与偏中性、结晶分异程度相对较低的花岗闪长斑岩关系密切,而钼矿化与酸性、结晶分异程度相对较高的花岗斑岩关系密切。     

Origin of the Gangdise (Transhimalaya) Permian arc in southern Tibet: Stratigraphic and volcanic geochemical constraints

The well‐studied Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Gangdise Terrane, southern Tibet, are widely interpreted to have resulted from subduction of the Neotethys; however, Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks and their tectonic setting remain poorly studied. Based on new geological data, we carried out stratigraphical and geochemical analyses of Permian volcano‐stratigraphic sequences within an east–west‐trending, fault‐bounded zone of uplift in the central Gangdise Terrane. Sedimentary rocks in this area consist of platform carbonates and terrigenous clastic rocks that represent widespread shallow‐marine sedimentary basins developed around northern Gondwana. A regression or tectonic uplift event is recorded in Permian sedimentary rocks that show the local development of fluvial environments. The sedimentary succession contains evidence of two volcanic stages: a period of basaltic extrusions and younger explosive felsic magmatism. The first volcanic stage is Early and Middle Permian in age. Tholeiitic basaltic lavas are exposed around Maizhokunggar (Tangjia) and Lhunzhub in central Gangdise. The Lower Permian basalts are relatively enriched in MgO (4.58–12.19%), whereas the Middle Permian basalts are characterized by high Al₂O₃ contents (11.75–21.22%). Rocks of both ages are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), and show pronounced negative Nb and Ta anomalies. Total REE contents and light (LREE)/heavy (HREE) ratios increased from the Early to Middle Permian. Observed variations in initial Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i = 0.7013–0.7066, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_i = 15.53–15.63, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_i = 38.04–38.64 for a given ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_i; εNd = +0.69 to ?11.55) can be explained by crustal interaction with mantle sources, as is characteristic of metasomatism by slab‐derived fluids or assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes during magmatic evolution. The observed geochemical signatures, coupled with stratigraphic constraints, support the hypothesis that an initial arc formed during the Permian due to southward subduction of the Paleotethys, predating the well‐known Mesozoic arc preserved in the Gangdise Terrane.     

冈底斯构造岩浆带中段措勤地区中新生代岩浆岩构造组合分析

在新一轮1:25万区域地质调查成果的基础上, 根据研究区岩浆岩的时空分布、产状、岩石学和地球化学特征以及形成的构造环境, 将其划分为6种岩石构造组合:①弧间扩张型组合; ②洋岛型蛇绿岩组合; ③岛弧与陆缘弧型组合; ④碰撞型组合; ⑤陆内俯冲、碰撞型组合; ⑥陆内拉张型组合.进而对构造岩浆组合的地球动力学机制进行了剖析, 尤其是对喜马拉雅中期的岩浆作用进行了深入探讨; 提出了冈底斯构造岩浆带是由俯冲型、碰撞型和隆升型岩浆岩组合成的复合体, 它们在空间上明显分带, 在时间上呈现由相对基性向酸性的演化趋势和规律.      

西藏桑耶寺西松卡村古新世石英闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成及其构造意义

为解释冈底斯南缘中酸性岩体构造环境及物质来源等信息,以西藏桑耶寺西松卡村的石英闪长岩为研究对象,通过开展锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素组成、全岩地球化学分析与研究,结果表明:①松卡村石英闪长岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为65.0 Ma±1.2 Ma;②松卡村石英闪长岩体具有富铝(16.97％～18.33％)的准铝质钙碱性系列岩...     

冈底斯带东段鲁朗—墨脱地区中新世花岗岩 的地球化学、年代学及成因

冈底斯东段的鲁朗-色季拉和墨脱-崩崩拉一带花岗岩的岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩等.墨脱花岗岩的K-Ar年龄为19～22Ma;鲁朗花岗岩的40Ar-39Ar年龄为14～18Ma.岩石地球化学研究结果表明,本区花岗岩主要属于高钾钙碱性系列和钙碱性系列,同时具有某些埃达克岩的特征,表现为高SiO2(65.60%～76.40%)、Al2O3(12.32%～17.23%)、Sr/Y(2.41～86.46)、(La/Yb)n(6.65～56.14)比值,低Y(4.23×10-6～39.40×10-6)等特点.呈典型的LREE和LILE富集型分配模式,Eu为正到弱负异常.本区中新世花岗岩主要来源于中下陆壳的硅铝质成分和镁铁质成分的重熔,不同于具埃达克岩成分的冈底斯中新世含矿花岗斑岩.以中新世花岗岩侵位为标志,东喜马拉雅构造结地区的初始伸展可能在22Ma左右,早于冈底斯中段(20Ma左右).     

西藏甲马—驱龙矿集区成矿远景

西藏甲马－驱龙矿集区长约124km,宽69km，位于冈底斯陆缘火山－岩浆弧（中－晚侏罗－古近系）的中东部。通过最近的地质调查、矿床勘查和研究，发现冈底斯陆缘火山－岩浆弧带内存在多个矿集区，其中甲马－驱龙矿集区是该弧内一个重要铜多金属矿集区之一。该矿集区的矿床以正在开发的大型甲马铜多金属矿床为代表，还发现了驱龙南、驱龙北、底日玛、松多雄、拉抗俄和象背山等一批非常有潜力的矿床和矿（化）点。它们的矿化类型独特，成因类型多样，是冈底斯陆缘火山－岩浆弧演化过程不同阶段的产物。这些不同类型的矿床集中在一定的区域，已初步显示并成为冈底斯陆缘火山－岩浆弧带内极具成矿潜力、并有一定成矿远景的重要矿集区。相信通过今后进一步工作，该矿集区有望成为中国西部又一个有色金属矿产资源基地。     

西藏列廷冈-勒青拉矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿床白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄及其地质意义

以列廷冈-勒青拉Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿床为研究对象,通过对其Fe矿化阶段白云母的定年研究,从成矿流体演化持续时间的角度对该问题进行了新的探索。系统的野外踏勘、显微镜下观察和电子探针工作表明,列廷冈-勒青拉矿床中发育与磁铁矿共生的白云母。对白云母进行的Ar-Ar同位素测年工作表明,白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为51.00±0.38 Ma,等时线年龄为50.45±0.62 Ma,认为其代表了列廷冈-勒青拉矿床氧化物阶段铁矿化过程中开始结晶的白云母达到Ar-Ar体系封闭后的年龄。对比前人得出的辉钼矿年龄(61.96±0.58 Ma),提出二者年龄的差异可能由于不同同位素体系在不同矿物中封闭温度的不同所致,认为该矿床热液演化经历了较长时间,演化过程导致的温度梯度的出现加剧了岩浆热液中带来的多金属物质(如Pb、Zn、Cu、Fe)的分异,为矿区多种金属矿物的共存提供了重要条件;该矿床所属的冈底斯北成矿亚带相比较于其它两个成矿亚带具有更长的岩浆演化时间和区域矿化持续时间,与其丰富的矿种组合发育相一致。     

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Yeba Formation on the Gangdise Magmatic Arc, Tibet

The Early Jurassic bimodal volcanic rocks in the Yeba Formation, situated between Lhasa, Dagzê and Maizhokunggar, composed of metabasalt, basaltic ignimbrite, dacite, silicic tuff and volcanic breccia, are an important volcanic suite for the study of the tectonic evolution of the Gangdise magmatic arc and the Mesozoic Tethys. Based on systematic field investigations, we carried out geochemical studies on representative rock samples. Major and trace element compositions were analyzed for these rock samples by XRF and ICP-MS respectively, and an isotope analysis of Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd was carried out by a MAT 262 mass spectrograph. The results show that the SiO2 contents in lava rocks are 41 %-50.4 % and 64 %-69 %, belonging to calc-alkaline basalt and dacite. One notable feature of the basalt is its low TiO2 content, 0.66 %-1.01 %, much lower than those of continental tholeiite. The ΣREE contents of basalt and dacite are 60.3-135 μg/g and 126.4-167.9 μg/g respectively. Both rocks have similar REE and other trace element characteristics, with enriched LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFS, similar REE patterns without Eu anomaly. The basalts have depleted Ti, Ta and Nb and slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb*＝0.54-1.17 averaging 0.84. The dacites have depleted P and Ti and also slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb*＝0.74-1.06 averaging 0.86. Major and trace elemental and isotopic studies suggest that both basalt and dacite originated from the partial melting of the mantle wedge at different degrees above the subduction zone. The spinal lherzolite in the upper mantle is likely to be their source rocks, which might have been affected by the selective metasomatism of fluids with crustal geochemistry. The LILE contents of both rocks were affected by metamorphism at later stages. The Yeba bimodal volcanic rocks formed in a temporal extensional situation in a mature island arc resulting from the Indosinian Gangdise magmatic arc.     

西藏冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿年龄

近年来在西藏开展的资源评价和研究工作初步揭示出冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿床具有巨大的资源潜力。本文通过多种方法对冈底斯成矿带中驱龙、厅宫、冲江等斑岩铜矿进行了同位素定年研究 ,确定出冈底斯斑岩铜矿成岩年龄为 (1 7.5 8± 0 .74 )Ma(锆石离子探针 (SHRIMP) ) ,成矿年龄为 (1 5 .99± 0 .32 )Ma(Re Os等时线法 ) ,蚀变年龄介于 1 2 .0 0～ 1 6 .5Ma之间 (K Ar法 ) ,成矿年龄与蚀变年龄较为一致。根据同位素定年结果 ,冈底斯斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿年龄明显晚于冈底斯碰撞期花岗岩质侵入岩的年龄。因此笔者认为 ,西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿形成于碰撞后的伸展构造背景 ,与造山带山根拆沉和高原隆升作用密切有关