Long-term effects of the Galactic tide on cometary dynamics

We introduce a model for integrating the effects of Galactic tides on Oort cloud comets, which involves two procedures, according to the values of the osculating semi-major axis a and eccentricity e. Ten simulations of the dynamics of 10⁶ comets over 5 Gyr are performed using this model. We thus investigate the long-term effects of the Galactic tide with and without a radial component, the effects of the local density of the Galactic disk, and those of the Oort constants. Most of the results may be understood in terms of the integrability or non-integrability of the system. For an integrable system, which occurs for moderate semi-major axes with or without radial component, the dynamics is explained by periodic variation of the cometary perihelion, inducing the depletion of the outer region of the Oort cloud, a constant flux from the inner region after 500 Myr, and the quick formation of a reservoir of comets with argument of perihelion near 26.6°. When the system is non-integrable, the efficiency of the tide in reducing the cometary perihelion distance is enhanced both by replenishing the Oort cloud domain from which comets are sent toward the planetary system, and by reducing the minimal value that the perihelion distance may reach. No effects of varying the Oort constants were observed, showing that the flat rotation curve is a satisfactory approximation in Oort cloud dynamics.     

多目标的地质大调查 ——21世纪勘查地球化学的战略选择

21世纪勘查地球化学面临发展问题.2001～2005年勘查地球化学以国家其基础性公益性地质工作为主导,以经济社会发展需求为动力,以资源与环境并重为方针,实施多目标的地质大调查,取得一系列重要成果,标志勘查地球化学进入全面发展阶段.这是勘查地球化学的战略选择.在现代科学技术取得最新成就起点上,构建理论体系、方法体系和质量体系,在各项工作中采取科学态度和积极有效措施,推动勘查地球化学不断达到新的高度.     

Single planet formation regime in the high-ionization environment:Possible origin of hot Jupiters and super-Earths

We studied the particle growth in a protoplanetary disk in a high-ionization environment and found that icy planet formation is inactive for a disk with an ionization rate 100 times higher than that of the present Solar System. In particular, in the case of M 10~(-7.4)M_☉yr~(-1), only rocky planet formation occurs. In such a case, all the solid materials in the disk drift inward, eventually reach the inner MRI front,and accumulate there. They form a dense, thin sub-disk of solid particles, which undergoes gravitational instability to form rocky planetesimals. The planetesimals rapidly grow into a planet through pebble accretion. Consequently, rocky planets tend to be much larger than planets formed through other regimes(tandem planet formation regime and dispersed planet formation regime), in which icy planet formation actively takes place. These rocky planets may evolve into hot Jupiters if they grow fast enough to the critical core mass of the runaway gas accretion before the dispersal of the disk gas, or they may evolve into super-Earths if the gas dispersed sufficiently early.     

ROSAT巡天X射线选活动星系核的光学证认

获得完备的样本一直是类星体统计分析工作中至关重要的第一步。类星体巡天选择候选体的方法主要有射电波段筛选、色指数筛选、无缝光谱筛选、X射线波段筛选、对红外源或变源进行筛选和零自行的方法。单独运用任一方法都有选择效应,采用多波段方法可以极大地提高样本的完备性。阐述了使用多波段方法选择活动星系核样本的研究现状,提出多波段类星体巡天方法和选源判据,给出ROSAT巡天中F.1002,F.Coma,F.836和F.Leo 4个天区以及空源的15年来X射线选活动星系核的选源和光学新证认的AGN结果,表明多波段类星体巡天方法能有效地提高观测效率。     

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.06.010

Galactic cosmic rays and solar protons ionize the present terrestrial atmosphere,and the air showers are simulated by well-tested Monte-Carlo simulations,such as PHITS code.We use the latest version of PHITS to evaluate the possible ionization of protoplanetary disks by galactic cosmic rays(GCRs),solar protons,and by supernova remnants.The attenuation length of GCR ionization is updated as 118 g cm~(-2),which is approximately 20% larger than the popular value.Hard and soft possible spectra of solar protons give comparable and 20% smaller attenuation lengths compared with those from standard GCR spectra,respectively,while the attenuation length is approximately 10% larger for supernova remnants.Further,all of the attenuation lengths become 10% larger in the compound gas of cosmic abundance,e.g.128 g cm~(-2) for GCRs,which can affect the minimum estimate of the size of dead zones in protoplanetary disks when the incident flux is unusually high.     

极地气象与全球变化

目前，全球变化加快，极地地区变化尤为突出，这对区域或全球的社会、经济和生态系统都将产生显著的影响。最明显的证据是极区的冰川和冰雪范围持续减少，永久冻土在消融和消失，北冰洋海冰范围和厚度减小。极地环境的变化跟地球其它区域的变化息息相关，如臭氧洞的形成与来自低纬度的污染物积聚有关。极地地区的科学研究非常重要，不断地给我们提出新的科学挑战。极地冰盖下和大面积海冰下存在着大量的未知领域，许多极地研究的前沿问题实际上存在于传统学科的交叉领域。因此，世界气象组织（WMO）和国际科联（ICSU）共同发起并于2007年3月1日启动实施2007-2008年国际极地年（IPY），旨在为极地气象学、海洋学、冰川和水文学等领域的科学研究和观测做出贡献，有助于发展更精确的海一冰一大气环流模式，进一步提高对天气预报和气候变化的预测和预估水平。