Research on quantitative assessment of climate change risk at an urban scale: Review of recent progress and outlook of future direction

Cities are not only major contributors to global climate change but also stand at the forefront of climate change impact. Quantifying and assessing the risk potentially induced by climate change has great significance for cities to undertake positive climate adaptation and risk prevention. However, most of the previous studies focus on global, national or regional dimensions, only a few have attempted to examine climate change risk at an urban scale and even less in the case of a recent literature review. As a result, a quantitative assessment of climate change risk for cities remains highly challenging. To fill this gap, the article makes a critical review of the recent literature on urban-scale climate change risk assessment, and classifies them into four major categories of studies which jointly constitute a stepwise modelling chain from global climate change towards urban-scale risk assessment. On this basis, the study summarizes the updated research progresses and discusses the major challenges to be overcome for the seamless coupling of climate simulation between different scales, the reproduction of compound climate events, the incorporation of non-market and long-lasting impacts and the representation of risk transmission insides or beyond a city. Furthermore, future directions to advance quantitative assessment of urban-scale climate change risk are highlighted, with fresh insights into improving study methodology, enriching knowledge of climate change impact on city, enhancing abundance and accessibility to data, and exploring the best practice to provide city-specific climate risk service.     

长春南湖芦苇(Phragmites australis)茎、叶植硅体随生长期和生境的变化特征

对于不同生长期、不同湿度条件下芦苇(Phragmites australis)茎、叶中多种类型植硅体含量变化的探讨,能够为植硅体形成机理研究和探讨植硅体对气候变化的响应提供理论依据.选取长春市南湖为实验样点,于5—10月在3种不同生境(旱生、季节性水生和水生生境)采集芦苇样品,并分别统计芦苇茎、叶植硅体形态和数量.实验结果显示:首先,茎、叶植硅体组合特征存在明显差异,茎中帽型及个体较大的尖型等植硅体多于叶中,而叶中硅化气孔含量明显高于茎中.其次,随着植株的生长,芦苇茎中硅化气孔含量先增加后减少,鞍型植硅体含量变化较小而帽型植硅体含量先减少后增加,棒型植硅体含量逐渐增加、尖型植硅体含量先增加后减少;芦苇叶中硅化气孔含量持续增加,鞍型、帽型等短细胞植硅体含量下降,尖型、扇型等个体较大的植硅体含量逐渐增加.最后,不同植硅体类型的含量在3种生境中的变化情况较为复杂,茎中植硅体的数量变化没有明显规律,而芦苇叶中硅化气孔含量由旱生生境向水生生境逐渐增加,可见叶中硅化气孔含量的增加可以指示相对湿润的生境条件.总之,芦苇茎、叶内不同类型植硅体的数量对植株生长及不同湿度环境有不同程度的响应,对芦苇植硅体的研究也有助于理解湿生植物植硅体与环境因子的关系,进而为探讨植硅体对古环境、古气候的响应提供理论基础.     

Re-orientation of the city plan: Strategic planning and design competition in China

Rather than being abandoned along with the demise of the centrally planned economy, city planning as a profession is flourishing in China. New hybrid plans such as strategic development plans (concept plans) have been invented, and the planning procedure has become more flexible. Design competition and planning consultancy are widespread. This paper examines the development of new strategic development plans and design competition. It is argued that city planning has been re-orientated from a technical rationale, i.e. allocating state development projects to the city, to the imperative derived from market-oriented development, i.e. consolidating competitiveness during inter-city competition. The contradiction between market and planning is that while the status of city planning has been raised and its approach is becoming more strategic, the actual functionality of city planning has become more instrumental.     

昆明呈贡石灰岩上覆红黏土干缩裂隙的温度效应

温度是影响土体干缩开裂的重要外部环境因素之一。为研究温度对红黏土干缩裂隙的影响,以昆明呈贡石灰岩上覆红黏土为对象,经风干、碾碎和筛分后,选取2 mm以下的细颗粒,用正方形钢化玻璃容器制备9个厚度为10 mm的饱和泥浆样,分成3组,每组3个平行样,利用控温烘箱分别进行30℃、50℃和70℃的干燥试验,试验过程中定时称重试样和对土样表面进行拍照,然后用PCAS软件对照片进行图像处理。结果表明：红黏土的蒸发过程可分为3个阶段,干缩裂隙的形成和发展可分为5个阶段;温度升高,干燥完成时间减短,常速率阶段的蒸发速率和蒸发量增大,最终含水率降低;初始临界含水率随温度升高而增大;随着土体含水率持续减小,表面裂隙率先缓慢增加,然后快速增大,最后趋于稳定;温度升高,裂隙交点数、裂隙条数、裂隙总长度和土块数减少,裂隙平均长度、裂隙平均宽度、表面裂隙率、土块平均面积、土块最大面积、干缩厚度和干密度增大。温度显著影响红黏土的水分蒸发过程,干缩裂隙的形成和发展,以及表面裂隙结构和形态。     

An approach to studying heavy metal pollution caused by modern city development in Nanjing, China

 Nanjing is currently one of the fastest developing regions in terms of construction and economy in China. Heavy metal pollution is becoming more serious with the expansion of production and life scales. Four environmental units (highway, refinery, rubbish dumps associated with human daily life, and shoal of the Yangtse River) were selected from the region according to the geneses of the pollution to study and evaluate the distribution and mechanism of the contamination, the speciations of the polluting elements, and the geneses of the pollution in the soils and sediments. The purposes of the study are to understand generally the current situation and the cause of the pollution, and to provide a scientific basis to prevent and solve the pollution problem. At the same time, it would be helpful to probe the effective way of studying heavy metal pollution resulting from the development of modern cities and to accumulate data. It is indicated by the study that the heavy metals contained in the soil of the environmental unit of the highway are Pb, Co and Cr; in the soil of the refinery Cr, V, Pb, Ni, and Co; in the soil of the rubbish plot Co, Cu, and Sb; in the sediments of the shoal Pb, Co, Cu, and Ni. Fe-Mn oxide is given the first place to the speciations in polluting heavy metals transmitted by air. Carbonate is more in speciations of polluting heavy metals transmitted by water than in speciations of the metals transmitted by air. In the ten elements studied, Pb is most directly poisonous to the plants in the region; Co and Cu are the next, and Ni is the least. Heavy metal pollution has been occurring in the soils and sediments of the region and the situation will worsen if some effective measures are not taken. Received: 18 October 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

贵州都匀大亮锌矿床闪锌矿稀土元素地球化学特征及其指示意义北大核心CSCD

贵州都匀大亮锌矿床是牛角塘铅锌矿田的重要组成部分,目前所开采的对象为近年来在“陡倾斜带”中新发现的矿体,其研究还十分薄弱。本研究采用ICP-MS测试技术,对大亮锌矿闪锌矿进行了稀土元素测试,以揭示该矿床成矿作用。结果表明,10件闪锌矿样品的ΣREE值低,质量分数为(0.15~0.40)×10^(-6)(平均0.24×10^(-6))。样品的LREE/HREE值变化范围为7.07~15.76(平均10.95),(La/Yb)_(N)值范围为4.75~28.57(平均11.54),(La/Sm)_(N)值为2.16~6.01(平均3.49),(Gd/Yb)^(N)值为0.34~3.68(平均1.67)。闪锌矿样品稀土元素呈现轻稀土富集的右倾模式,且轻稀土元素的分异程度远远高于重稀土元素。样品具有显著Eu正异常(δEu为6.60~54.29,平均18.10),无明显的Ce异常(δCe主要为0.93~1.09,平均1.01)。闪锌矿轻稀土富集及显著Eu正异常的特点表明,其稀土元素为矿石初始沉淀时从成矿热液中继承而来,未明显受到后期地质作用的影响。稀土元素特征表明该闪锌矿形成于较低温度和极强还原条件。大亮锌矿闪锌矿Y/Ho比值为11.33~32.17(平均22.71),与区域矿床及地层的对比表明成矿物质主要来自下伏地层,可能有少量来自赋矿围岩。     

武汉城市地下空间工程地质研究

利用武汉市现有勘察资料,初步分析研究城市地下空间的物质载体及其空间组合关系,从空间岩土体工程地质性质和赋水条件入手,研究得出武汉城市地下空间的利用存在岩溶地面塌陷、地下水作用、软土变形三大工程地质问题。在此基础上进行地下空间利用区划,指出各区在地下工程建设中需要重点防范的工程地质问题和合理利用地下空间的方法。最后以武汉地铁首期工程为例,分析工程地质优势与问题,提出防范问题的措施建议。     

晋祠泉断流与地下水资源保护关系

通过对晋祠泉域岩溶地下水水文地质条件的分析,阐述了晋泉形成机理和断流原因,认为晋泉断流是多种因素的综合效应。说明地下水资源保护是一项系统工程,应采取统一的、科学的、多层次的全面管理,才能有效地保护有限的地下水资源,唤醒人们在进行经济建设的同时,要注意保护我们赖以生存的地球环境。     

综合物探调查评价深圳市地下水资源

在深圳市地下水资源调查评价工作中,综合物探技术所起的作用和取得的成果.     

大同市区地下水开采与地裂缝形成的关系

大同市地下水开采的有关资料表明,自1981年以来大同市地下水开始超采,致使大同市地下水各降落漏斗已逐渐靠拢或合并,已经形成了一占据大同大半市区的降落漏斗。通过对大同市各地下水取水点超采量的变化、地面沉降的发生时间与相应位置、地裂缝产生的规律、地质构造的区域背景资料的详细对比与分析,说明了地下水严重超采是导致大同市地面沉降与地裂缝产生的直接诱因。