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991.
商彦蕊 《地质灾害与环境保护》2000,11(1)
山地生态环境脆弱性是山地灾害形成的基础。通过太行山两个典型小流域在 1996年 8月的洪涝灾情形成的对比分析 ,揭示了人类活动在山地环境脆弱性方面所起的重要作用。合理的土地利用方式和水土保持措施可以有效地减轻流域对洪涝灾害的脆弱性。在相同的自然条件和致灾因子强度下 ,脆弱性强 ,灾情重。 相似文献
992.
993.
2000年1~6月份全球地震活动水平为中等编高,但地震灾情较轻,半年内共发生M≥6地震76次,其中M≥7地震8次,M≥8地震1次,全世界地震共计造成173人死亡,1000多人受伤,经济损失约1亿~2亿美元,重大灾害地震主要发生在印度尼西亚。 相似文献
994.
运用火山岩岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、孔、渗及压汞分析等多种分析测试手段研究了辽河盆地荣兴屯地区中生界火山岩储集性能, 认为: (1) 火山岩储集空间以次生孔缝为主, 原生孔缝大多已被充填; (2) 孔喉狭窄, 平均连通孔喉半径一般在0.100~ 0.500 μm左右.孔喉分布主要有单峰型和平峰型两种; (3) 孔隙组合类型有微裂缝型、微裂缝-孔隙型和孔隙型3种, 并以前两种类型为主; (4) 孔隙度值在1.0 %~ 16.3%之间, 渗透率在0.0 12× 10-3 ~12×10-3 μm2, 属低孔特低渗储集层; (5) 储层非均质性强, 渗透率级差为10 0 0, 突进系数为12.41, 变异系数为2.3.根据上述特点提出了火山岩储集层划分方案; (6) 由于孔/喉比值较小, 火山岩储集层的压汞退出效率较高, 平均达47.9%, 预示了较高的油气产能. 相似文献
995.
The crater lake of Kawah Ijen volcano contains extremely low pH (<0.4) waters with high SO4 (70000 mg/kg), Cl (21000 mg/kg), F (1500 mg/kg), Al (5000 mg/kg), Fe (2000 mg/kg) and trace metal (Cu 0.5, Zn 4, Pb 3 mg/kg) contents. These brines seep outward through the western crater rim and reappear on the other side as streamlets, which form the headwaters of the Banyupahit stream. The Banyupahit first mixes with fresh rivers and thermal springs in the Ijen caldera and then irrigates a coastal agricultural plain which is 30 km from the summit crater.We discuss the downstream composition changes affecting the Banyupahit waters by using stable isotope, chemical and mineralogical data collected from sites along the stream length. The saturation of the stream waters with respect to minerals was evaluated with SOLVEQ and WATEQ4F and compared with the geochemical observations. An aluminous mineralogy (alunogen, pickeringite, tamarugite and kalinite) develops in the upper part of the Banyupahit due to concentration of the headwaters by evaporation. Downstream attenuation of dissolved element concentrations results principally from dilution and from mineral precipitation. The stream pH changes from 0 at the source to >4 close to the mouth. The δD and δ18O values and the relative SO4–Cl–F contents of the Banyupahit waters indicate that the tributaries are mostly meteoric. Dissolved SO4 in the acidic stream come only from the crater lake seepages and are not involved later in microbially mediated reactions, as shown by their δ34S and δ18O values. Re-equilibration of the stream SO4 oxygen-isotope composition with H2O from tributaries does not occur.Calcium, SiO2, Al, Fe, K and SO4 behave non-conservatively in the stream waters. Gypsum, silica (amorphous or poorly ordered), a basic aluminum hydroxysulfate (basaluminite?), K-jarosite and amorphous ferric hydroxide may exert a solubility control on these elements along the entire stream length, or in certain stream sections, consistent with the thermochemical model results. Downstream concentration trends and mineral saturation levels suggest that precipitation of Sr-, Pb-rich barite and celestite consume Ba, Sr and Pb, whereas dissolved Cu, Pb and Zn may adsorb onto solid particles, especially after the junctions of the acidic stream with non-acidic rivers. We calculated that significant fluxes of SO4, F, Cl, Al, SiO2, Ti, Mn and Cu may reach the irrigation system, possibly causing serious environmental impacts such as soil acidification and induration. 相似文献
996.
Eruptions through crater lakes or shallow seawater, referred to here as subaqueous eruptions, present hazards from hydromagmatic explosions, such as base surges, lahars, and tsunamis, which may not exist at volcanoes on dry land. We have systematically compiled information from eruptions through surface water in order to understand the circumstances under which these hazards occur and what disastrous effects they have caused in the past. Subaqueous eruptions represent only 8% of all recorded eruptions but have produced about 20% of all fatalities associated with volcanic activity in historical time. Excluding eruptions that have resulted in about a hundred deaths or less, lahars have killed people in the largest number of historical subaqueous eruptions (8), followed by pyroclastic flows (excluding base surges; 5) tsunamis (4), and base surges (2). Subaqueous eruptions have produced lahars primarily on high (>1000 m), steep-sided volcanoes containing small (<1 km diameter) crater lakes. Tsunamis and other water waves have caused death or destroyed man-made structures only at submarine volcanoes and at Lake Taal in the Philippines. In spite of evidence that magma–water mixing makes eruptions more explosive, such explosions and their associated base surges have caused fewer deaths, and have been implicated in fewer eruptions involving large numbers of fatalities than lahars and tsunamis. The latter hazards are more deadly because they travel much farther from a volcano and inundate coastal areas and stream valleys that tend to be densely settled. 相似文献
997.
叙述了20世纪全球10次灾难性地震发生的时间、震级、地点、伤亡人数、建筑物遭破坏以及救灾的情况,记述了一些地震的前兆现象和经济损失。 相似文献
998.
胜利油田火山岩辉石中岩浆包裹体成分及有关成因问题 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
对胜利油田火山岩中辉石及其中岩浆包裹体成分的研究表明:CO2气藏区和非CO2气藏区新生代火山岩辉石及其中岩浆包裹体成分有明显区别,前者中辉石为普通辉石,成分相对富SiO2,而贫Al2O3、TiO2、MgO和挥发成分;而后者中辉石为透辉石,成分相对贫SiO2和挥发份,而富Al2O3、TiO2和MgO。前者岩浆包裹体玻相中富含CO2,包裹体中的金属子矿物多为黄铁矿;而后者岩浆包裹体玻相中贫CO2;包裹 相似文献
999.
1000.
GIS and Volcanic Risk Management 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Volcanic catastrophes constitute a majorproblem in many developing and developed countries. Inrecent years population growth and the expansion ofsettlements and basic supply lines (e.g., water, gas,etc.) have greatly increased the impact of volcanicdisasters. Correct land-use planning is fundamental inminimising both loss of life and damage to property.In this contribution Geographical Information Systems(GIS), linked with remote sensing technology andtelecommunications/warning systems, have emerged asone of the most promising tools to support thedecision-making process. Some GIS are presented fortwo volcanic areas in Italy, Mt. Etna and Vesuvius.GIS role in risk management is then discussed, keepingin mind the different volcanic scenarios of effusiveand explosive phenomena. Mt. Etna system covers alarge area (more than 1,000 km2) potentiallyaffected by effusive phenomena (lava flows) whichcause damage to both houses and properties in general.No risk to life is expected. The time-scales of lavaflows allow, at least in principle, modification ofthe lava path by the building of artificial barriers.Vesuvius shows typically an explosive behaviour. Inthe case of a medium size explosive eruption, 600,000people would potentially have to be evacuated from anarea of about 200 km2 around the Volcano, sincethey are exposed to ruinous, very fast phenomena likepyroclastic surges and flows, lahars, ash fallout,etc. Ash fallout and floods/lahars are also expectedin distal areas, between Vesuvius and Avellino,downwind of the volcano. GIS include digital elevationmodels, satellite images, volcanic hazard maps andvector data on natural and artificial features (energysupply lines, strategic buildings, roads, railways,etc.). The nature and the level of detail in the twodata bases are different, on the basis of thedifferent expected volcanic phenomena. The GIS havebeen planned: (a) for volcanic risk mitigation (hazard,value, vulnerability and risk map assessing), (b) toprovide suitable tools during an impending crisis, (c)to provide a basis for emergency plans. 相似文献