The potential lateral growth of lithalsas

The lithalsas in the Hudson Bay region of northern Québec, Canada, are the closest modern analogs of ancient features that collapsed to form conspicuous circular depressions (“viviers”) common in the Hautes-Fagnes, a region in Belgium. Observations made in both regions are complementary and suggest that these mounds formed by frost heaving displacing soil not only upward, as previously assumed, but also laterally. This lateral displacement is consistent with diverse observations and inferences, which include (1) the simple rounded outline, either circular or oval, typical of both active and relic lithalsas; (2) evidence of local lateral extension inferred from exposures of the relic forms; (3) the relative inefficiency of solifluction in accumulating surface material to form the peripheral ramparts of remnant lithalsas due to the very gentle slopes of the mounds; and (4) the dip of ice lenses within a lithalsa in the Hudson Bay region, perhaps indicating that the freezing front dipped outward along its periphery. The growth of segregation ice is the primary driver for the vertical growth and lateral enlargement of a lithalsa.     

运城市终霜冻预报方法

对运城市终霜冻资料时间序列进行了周期分析，再利用基于预测误差平方和(PRESS)准则的逐步回归周期分析方法建立运城市终霜冻预报模型，预测终霜冻出现的日期，经检验和试报表明，该模型预测效果较好，具有实用价值。     

河西走廊东部一次霜冻天气过程成因及其对农业的影响

2016年5月15日清晨河西走廊东部发生区域性强霜冻天气,对农林业生产造成了2004年以来最为严重的灾害。本文利用实时MICAPS常规观测资料、物理量场和河西走廊东部区域内6个国家自动气象观测站和93个区域气象站观测资料,对这次冻害天气过程的天气学成因进行分析,在此基础上分析了霜冻对农业的影响。结果表明强冷空气爆发是造成冻害的直接原因;0 cm地面温度和气温≤0 ℃持续时间长,导致农林作物深度冻伤;前期气温偏高使得农林作物发育期提前,加之霜冻出现时间偏迟,农林作物抵抗冻害的能力明显下降,冻害影响加重;冻害发生后,温度急剧上升、湿度迅速减小,作物水分强烈蒸腾,作物细胞失去受损,导致受灾程度加重。     

且末绿洲1961-2010年霜冻的变化特征及其对主要农作物的影响

利用且末绿洲近50 a初、终霜日等气候资料,分析该地区的霜冻变化特征,初步探讨其对主要农作物的影响.结果表明:且末绿洲近50 a来终霜危害大于初霜,初霜冻推迟、终霜冻提前趋势明显,无霜期呈微弱延长趋势但不显著;初、终霜均具有5a、33 a的振荡周期,未来一段时期均处在偏晚期;进入21世纪以后未出现特早初霜和特晚终霜.总体上看,气候变暖使该地区霜冻灾害减少,对主要农作物的生长有利.     

新疆温宿核桃生长关键期气象指标及气象灾害影响

对温宿核桃物候期、生长气象条件及主要气象灾害进行了统计分析,以期为有效防灾减灾措施的提出提供参考依据。结果表明：2000年至今核桃花芽膨大期、果实成熟期差异变化不明显,展叶期和开花期逐年均呈偏早趋势;花期与开花期间≥3℃积温、4月日照时数呈显著正相关,积温越高、日照时数越多,花期越早;果实成熟期与6月日照时数相关最为显著,日照时数越多,成熟期越早,反之越晚;越冬期日最低气温-25℃以下持续7天以上,或极端低温-28℃以下持续24小时以上,核桃树就可能遭受冻害。花期主要影响气象灾害为大风浮尘、高温,果实生长期为高温、持续降水,越冬休眠期主要为低温冻害。     

Mapping of water frost and ice at low latitudes on Mars

This paper reports on mapping of water frost and ice on Mars, in the range of latitudes between 30°S and 30°N. The study has been carried out by analysing 2485 orbits acquired during almost one martian year by the Mars Express/OMEGA imaging spectrometer. Water frost/ice is identified by the presence of ∼1.5 μm, ∼2 μm and ∼3.0 μm absorptions. Although the orbits analysed in this study cover all seasons, water frost/ice is observed only near the aphelion seasons, at Ls = 19° and at Ls = 98-150°. Water frost/ice is detected mainly on the southern hemisphere between 15°S and 30°S latitude while it has not been identified within 15°S-15°N. In the northern hemisphere, the water frost/ice detection is complicated by the presence of clouds. Usually, water frost/ice is found in shadowed areas, while in few cases it is exposed to the sunlight. This indicates a clear relationship with the local illumination conditions on the slopes which favour the water frost/ice deposition on the surface when the temperatures are very low. OMEGA observations span from 10 to 17 LT and the frost/ice is detected mainly between 15 and 16 LT, with practically no detection before 13 LT. We think this is due to the fact that the 10-12 LT observations occur at large distances and it is not a local time effect. A thermal model is used to determine the deposition conditions on the sloped surfaces where water frost/ice has been found. There, daily atmospheric saturation does not occur on pole facing 10-25° slopes with current water vapour abundances but only by assuming values greater than 40 pr μm. Moreover, the water frost/ice is not detected during the northern winter, even if the thermal model foresees daily saturation on 25° slopes.     

Physical modelling of gelifluction and frost creep: Some results of a large-scale laboratory experiment

An experimental slope was constructed in a 5 m × 5 m square refrigerated tank. The slope was formed of four sections, each consisting of regolith (soil) collected from a distinct bedrock lithology. The four lithologies utilized were granite, limestone, mudstone and slate. The slope was subjected to freezing and thawing from the surface downwards. Water was supplied at the base of the soil during freezing. Frost heaving and surface downslope soil movement were determined after each of 15 freezing cycles, and the profiles of soil movement with depth for each soil type were measured at the end of the 15th cycle. The experimental soils were non-cohesive; those derived from granite and limestone were respectively sandy and gravelly in texture, while those derived from mudstone and slate were silt-rich. Mass movement in the granite and limestone soils was due mainly to frost creep and was associated with the growth of needle ice. In the mudstone and slate soils, gelifluction was dominant as a result of high moisture contents caused by the melting of segregation ice. Mean per cycle rates of downslope soil transport for the granite, limestone, mudstone and slate soils were 5·8 cm³ cm^?1, 6·9 cm³ cm^?1, 21·2 cm³ cm^?1 and 31·2 cm³ cm^?1 respectively, units referring to the volume of soil passing a unit width of slope per cycle. Mass movement rates were shown to be strongly related to the silt content of the soils.     

Gully retreat in a semi-urban catchment in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Slope instability has been an on-going problem along the South Saskatchewan River within the city of Saskatoon, and has adversely affected private property, bridge foundations, and municipal roads and services. Wooded declivities were present prior to urban de velopment, but changes in drainage patterns associated with construction of an urban park about 30 years ago have resulted in pronounced gullying. Morphometric measurements of two gullies conducted from 1994 to 2000 showed that their headwalls have retreated approximately 7 and 19 m, respectively, with accompanying widening and deepening of the features. The process of retreat is driven largely by the seasonal precipitation regime; it mainly occurs after heavy summer rainstorms, although freeze–thaw activity during snowmelt and subsurface flow are also implicated. Retreat is further controlled by the inherent strength of the root mat that binds the surface soils until the undercut trees finally collapse. Surface runoff through the gullies recently has been redirected through a storm sewer that is designed to mitigate the erosion problem.     

梅州山区热带水果和经济作物的地域布局--梅州市"99寒害"水果经作受灾调查

由于北方冷空气入侵,１９９９年１２月２０日至２６日梅州市出现连续７天的低温霜（冰）冻天气,热带亚热带水果、经济林和经济作物（以下简称果作）受到严重危害,造成巨大的经济损失。为了解受灾情况,研究本省山区今后果作发展问题,在梅州市人民政府、市政协和市农委的支持和协助下,由广州地理研究所派专业技术人员到梅州进行调查研究。本文对果作寒害进行分析,并提出发展果作的措施。     

城市盾构隧道水平冻结地层加固的数值分析

冻结地层加固法是一种环境影响小、加固效果好的地层加固方法,人工冻结壁的形成是一个复杂的热-力耦合问题。依托实际盾构隧道始发施工中冻结加固工程,采用有限差分软件Flac3D建立数值模型分析了地铁隧道水平冻结施工中温度场随时间的发展和分布特征,同时采用准热-力耦合的方法,分析了冻结施工中地表冻胀隆起变形规律。分析结果表明：冻结壁模拟交圈时间和设计交圈时间基本一致;冻结壁交圈前,地表冻胀隆起位移速率快,冻结壁交圈之后,地表冻胀变形逐渐趋近稳定。计算结论可供设计和施工参考,提供了一种简便的人工冻结加固施工的数值模拟方法。