控制岩体活动的地质因素分析

本文对控制岩体活动的地质因素—岩性、岩体结构、结构面、地应力和水文地质条件等进行了分析。岩性、岩体结构是产生岩体活动的内因。本文将岩体结构划分为六种类型,即整体结构、块状结构、层状结构、碎裂结构、镶嵌结构和散体结构。并对控制岩体稳定性的结构面进行了研究和分类,指出不同结构面对岩体活动的具体影响。通过各种控制岩体活动的地质因素分析,掌握岩体活动规律,对予防灾害性岩体活动,防患于未然有实际意义。     

试论岩溶在沉积—改造铅锌矿床形成中的作用

在碳酸盐岩地区广泛分布着一些沉积—改造铅锌矿床.其主要改造作用目前一般概括为地下(热)水作用.本文通过比较地下水改造成矿作用与岩溶作用之间的关系,论证岩溶在矿床形成中起着重要作用,即地下水改造富积成矿作用主要为岩溶作用.     

甘肃西成铅锌矿田中泥盆统碳酸盐沉积相的初步研究

本文根据岩石类型、沉积构造、生物组合和指相矿物将西成矿田中泥盆统碳酸盐沉积划分为两个相带,7个相和11个亚相,即碳酸盐台地相带和碳酸盐台地边缘相带;台地潮坪相、局限台地相、半开阔台地相、开阔台地相、台缘前斜坡相、生物滩层礁相和礁相。可以看出,区内铅锌矿床的形成和分布明显受着碳酸盐沉积相带的控制。     

Stable isotope (C,O, S) systematics of the mercury mineralization at Idrija,Slovenia: constraints on fluid source and alteration processes

The world-class Idrija mercury deposit (western Slovenia) is hosted by highly deformed Permocarboniferous to Middle Triassic sedimentary rocks within a complex tectonic structure at the transition between the External Dinarides and the Southern Alps. Concordant and discordant mineralization formed concomitant with Middle Triassic bimodal volcanism in an aborted rift. A multiple isotopic (C, O, S) investigation of host rocks and ore minerals was performed to put constraints on the source and composition of the fluid, and the hydrothermal alteration. The distributions of the ¹³C and ¹⁸O values of host and gangue carbonates are indicative of a fracture-controlled hydrothermal system, with locally high fluid-rock ratios. Quantitative modeling of the ¹³C and ¹⁸O covariation for host carbonates during temperature dependent fluid-rock interaction, and concomitant precipitation of void-filling dolomites points to a slightly acidic hydrothermal fluid (¹³C–4 and ¹⁸O+10), which most likely evolved during isotopic exchange with carbonates under low fluid/rock ratios. The ³⁴S values of hydrothermal and sedimentary sulfur minerals were used to re-evaluate the previously proposed magmatic and evaporitic sulfur sources for the mineralization, and to assess the importance of other possible sulfur sources such as the contemporaneous seawater sulfate, sedimentary pyrite, and organic sulfur compounds. The ³⁴S values of the sulfides show a large variation at deposit down to hand-specimen scale. They range for cinnabar and pyrite from –19.1 to +22.8, and from –22.4 to +59.6, respectively, suggesting mixing of sulfur from different sources. The peak of ³⁴S values of cinnabar and pyrite close to 0 is compatible with ore sulfur derived dominantly from a magmatic fluid and/or from hydrothermal leaching of basement rocks. The similar stratigraphic trends of the ³⁴S values of both cinnabar and pyrite suggest a minor contribution of sedimentary sulfur (pyrite and organic sulfur) to the ore formation. Some of the positive ³⁴S values are probably derived from thermochemical reduction of evaporitic and contemporaneous seawater sulfates.Editorial handling: P. Lattanzi     

Benthic carbonate factories of the Phanerozoic

Marine carbonate precipitation occurs in three basic modes: abiotic (or quasi-abiotic), biotically induced, and biotically controlled. On a geologic scale, these precipitation modes combine to form three carbonate production systems, or "factories" in the benthic environment: (1) tropical shallow-water factory, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly photo-autotrophic) and abiotic precipitates; (2) cool-water factory, dominated by biotically controlled (mainly heterotrophic) precipitates; and (3) mud-mound factory, dominated by biotically induced (mainly microbial) and abiotic precipitates. Sediment accumulations of the factories differ in composition, geometry, and facies patterns, and some of these differences appear prominently in seismic data, thus facilitating subsurface prediction. The characteristic accumulation of the tropical factory is the flat-topped, often reef-rimmed platform. In cool-water systems, reefs in high-energy settings are scarce and hydrodynamic influence dominates, producing seaward-sloping shelves and deep-water sediment drifts often armored by skeletal framework. The typical accumulation of the mud-mound factory is groups of mounds in deeper water. Where the mud-mound factory expands into shallow water, it forms rimmed platforms similar to the tropical factory. The tropical factory is most productive; the mud-mound factory reaches 80–90%, and the cool-water factory 20–30% of the tropical growth rate. The three factories represent end members connected by transitions in space. Transitions in time are linked to biotic evolution.     

高应力区破裂岩体回采巷道一次强化支护技术及其应用研究

基于对高应力区破裂岩体回采巷道支护 10多年的经验和教训 ,本文首次提出了相对于主次承载区协调作用关系的关键支护技术 ,即一次强化支护技术。该支护技术不仅强调了对于高应力区破裂岩巷道支护时间的及时性 ,支护强度一次到位 ,更重要的是区别于先让后抗、二次支护的指导思想 ;同时 ,一次强化支护技术还详细明确了支护类型、支护结构以及施工工艺。该支护技术在小官庄铁矿高应力区的应用成功 ,表明该支护关键技术是正确的。     

岩石矿物组份质量转移的模糊聚类定量计算

本文根据岩石矿物组份质量分数值的定和特性 ,提出定量计算组份质量转移的新方法。该方法运用模糊动态聚类分析技术 ,通过计算复原定和差并判定差值类型 ,辅以相应的判别参数 ,逐步从中筛选出真恒量组份 ,再利用真恒量组份定值系数 ,计算出变组岩石矿物各组份的真实质量分数值和转移量值。笔者将该方法称为真恒量组份定值法 (TCF法 )。     

基于岩石变形声发射实验结果讨论岩石失稳的可预测性

根据室内岩石变形声发射实验结果,计算了声发射序列的地震非均匀度GL值,并以此探讨了岩石破裂失稳的可预测性。在双轴压缩、等速率加载条件下,含障碍体断层、挤压雁列断层和Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续岩石标本在临近滑动失稳前,声发射活动均出现了显著的均匀—非均匀的状态变化,表现为GL值出现持续大于1的异常变化,GL值异常的位置与破裂成核部位相重合,并与断层走向一致;改变统计窗长、窗内分割数及能级统计下限计算声发射序列的GL值,结果表明,GL值计算结果具有一定的稳定性。综合分析认为,地震非均匀度(GL值)可以较好地刻画岩石失稳前夕因破裂成核导致的声发射活动在时间分布上的状态变化,GL值持续异常是岩石失稳的显著性标志,对预测岩石失稳具有较好的指示意义。     

Cohesive Crack Analysis of Toughness Increase Due to Confining Pressure

Apparent fracture toughness in Mode I of microcracking materials such as rocks under confining pressure is analyzed based on a cohesive crack model. In rocks, the apparent fracture toughness for crack propagation varies with the confining pressure. This study provides analytical solutions for the apparent fracture toughness using a cohesive crack model, which is a model for the fracture process zone. The problem analyzed in this study is a fluid-driven fracture of a two-dimensional crack with a cohesive zone under confining pressure. The size of the cohesive zone is assumed to be negligibly small in comparison to the crack length. The analyses are performed for two types of cohesive stress distribution, namely the constant cohesive stress (Dugdale model) and the linearly decreasing cohesive stress. Furthermore, the problem for a more general cohesive stress distribution is analyzed based on the fracture energy concept. The analytical solutions are confirmed by comparing them with the results of numerical computations performed using the body force method. The analytical solution suggests a substantial increase in the apparent fracture toughness due to increased confining pressures, even if the size of the fracture process zone is small.