海洋环境Fe同位素地球化学研究进展

Fe是海洋“生物泵”中限制浮游生物生长和控制海洋初级生产力的主要因素之一,也可间接影响大气中CO2含量,反馈于全球的气候变化。近年来基于多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC ICP MS)分析方法的改进及测试精度的提高,应用Fe同位素组成、变化及其分馏机制,为研究海水中Fe的主要来源以及示踪海洋环境中Fe的循环过程等,提供了一个有效地球化学指标,也对示踪地球不同演化阶段的海洋沉积环境变化具有指示意义。较为详细地介绍了海洋环境中不同储库的Fe同位素组成,洋中脊热液流体—玄武岩、海水—大洋玄武岩等水—岩反应影响Fe同位素分馏效应的主要因素及地球不同演化阶段古海洋沉积环境中的Fe同位素变化。认为海洋环境下Fe同位素可以产生较为明显的分馏作用,轻铁同位素具有更易活动、易迁移的特征,并进一步提出不同相态、不同矿物间Fe同位素分馏系数的确定等相关问题仍是今后Fe同位素研究的主要方向。     

土壤发生性碳酸盐碳稳定性同位素模型及其应用

干旱、半干旱地区土壤无机碳库比有机碳库大2~5倍,无机碳库及其周转在该地区土壤碳平衡中具有重要意义。土壤发生性碳酸盐是土壤发育过程的产物,与岩生性碳酸盐溶解/沉积平衡、土壤有机碳分解CO2的再转化密切相关。发生性碳酸盐碳稳定性同位素主要由土壤CO2的碳同位素组成决定,可以用描述不饱和层气体质量传递的扩散—生成模型模拟。在土壤碳酸盐体系（土壤CO2(g)、碳酸盐和土壤溶液）处于同位素平衡状态时,根据生物过程产生的分子扩散以及碳酸盐化学平衡反应的分馏模型,发生性碳酸盐δ13C值比有机质δ13C值大14‰~16‰。扩散—生成模型和/或分馏模型可以用于鉴定和定量化分散态发生性碳酸盐组分、区分土壤碳酸盐悬膜上发生性碳酸盐的比例,并可用于定量评价土地利用管理措施对碳酸盐溶解/沉积平衡的影响,这在全球碳循环研究中具有重要意义。     

榴辉岩部分熔融过程中的同位素分馏

本文对榴辉岩部分熔融过程中不同同位素体系是否存在分馏这一当前研究热点进行了综述.榴辉岩作为研究洋陆俯冲、超高压变质以及壳幔相互作用的主要岩石类型,其部分熔融与地壳增生、板片折返过程以及俯冲隧道中元素的迁移分配等具有紧密的联系.作为典型的高压-超高压变质岩石,榴辉岩可通过俯冲带将壳源信息携带至地幔深部,影响地慢的化学组成...     

Late Caledonian dyke-swarms in Southern Scotland: New field,petrological and geochemical data for the Wigtown Peninsula,Galloway

Several hundred, dominantly NE-trending dykes invade Silurian flysch sediments of the Wigtown Peninsula. The most basic dykes are K-rich biotite-lamprophyres, hornblende-lamprophyres and appinites ('diorites' of previous maps). More acidic (qz and cm normative) dykes include restricted andesitic compositions ('porphyritcs', c. 57 per cent SiO₂) and a continuum from dacitic to rhyolitic compositions ('acid porphyrites' and 'porphyries', c. 63–71 per cent SiO₂). The relative abundance of basic to intermediate + acidic dykes, based on examination of 180 thin sections and 70 new whole-rock analyses, is approximately 7:1. The biotite- and hornblende-lamprophyres are distinct in chemistry and distribution, biotite-lamprophyres being confined to the south of the Peninsula. Neither type has any compositional equivalent among the plutonic rocks of the area. Porphyrite and porphyry dykes do not represent simple lamprophyre fractionates, but may be derived from at least two (intermediate and acidic) parent magmas, which may represent crustally-contaminated lamprophyre or entirely separate crustal melts. Emplacement of all dyke compositions was apparently episodic through Wenlock to early Devonian times (c. 425-395 Ma). Early dykes post-date the main deformation (D₁) but predate minor (D₂) folding, both D₁ and D₂ being related to thrusting. On the current accretionary model for the Southern Uplands, this implies that dyke emplacement commenced before the end of accretion in a compressional tectonic regime—scarcely consistent with the moderate (up to 6 per cent) crustal extension represented by the dykes. The geochemistry of the lamprophyres requires a deep mantle origin several hundred kilometres behind any subduction zone. This suggests that the 'lapetus suture', at the time of dyke emplacement, was much farther south than its currently inferred position and places the Southern Uplands in a back-arc situation.     

Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii

Kilauea Iki lava lake formed during the 1959 summit eruption of Kilauea Volcano, then crystallized and differentiated over a period of 35 years. It offers an opportunity to evaluate the fractionation behavior of trace elements in a uniquely well-documented basaltic system. A suite of 14 core samples recovered from 1967 to 1981 has been analyzed for 5 platinum-group elements (PGE: Ir, Os, Ru, Pt, Pd), plus Re. These samples have MgO ranging from 2.4 to 26.9 wt.%, with temperatures prior to quench ranging from 1140 °C to ambient (110 °C). Five eruption samples were also analyzed.Osmium and Ru concentrations vary by nearly four orders of magnitude (0.0006–1.40 ppb for Os and 0.0006–2.01 ppb for Ru) and are positively correlated with MgO content. These elements behaved compatibly during crystallization, mostly likely being concentrated in trace phases (alloy or sulfide) present in olivine phenocrysts or included chromite. Iridium also correlates positively with MgO, although less strongly than Os and Ru. The somewhat poorer correlation for Ir, compared with Os and Ru, may reflect variable loss of Ir as volatile IrF₆ in some of the most magnesian samples.Rhenium is negatively correlated with MgO, behaving as an incompatible trace element. Its behavior in the lava lake is complicated by apparent volatile loss of Re, as suggested by a decrease in Re concentration with time of quenching for lake samples vs. eruption samples. Platinum and Pd concentrations are negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with MgO, so these elements were modestly incompatible during crystallization of the major silicate phases. Palladium contents peaked before precipitation of immiscible sulfide liquid, however, and decline sharply in the most differentiated samples. In contrast, Pt appears to have been unaffected by sulfide precipitation. Microprobe data confirm that Pd entered the sulfide liquid before Re, and that Pt is not strongly chalcophile in this system. Occasional high Pt values in both eruption and lava lake samples suggest the presence of unevenly distributed, unidentified Pt-rich trace phases in some Kilauea Iki materials.Estimated mineral (olivine + chromite)/melt D values for Os, Ir, Ru and Pt for equilibrium crystallization for samples from ~ 7 to 27 wt.% MgO are 26, 8.2, 19 and 0.55, respectively. These Os, Ir and Ru estimates are somewhat higher than previous estimates for similar systems. If fractional crystallization is instead assumed, D values are much more similar.Results confirm many prior observations in other mafic systems that olivine (together with included phases) has a major effect on absolute and relative abundances of Re and the PGE. The relatively linear correlations between these elements and MgO potentially permit accurate estimation of the concentrations of these elements in the primary melts of comparable systems, especially in instances where the MgO content of the primary melt is well constrained.     

西秦岭江里沟复式岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

古特提斯洋在三叠纪时期沿现今勉略缝合带的闭合,标志着华北板块(NCB)和扬子板块(YZB)的最终拼贴完成。秦岭造山带西段发育印支期花岗岩浆活动,为该地区的成矿作用提供了有利的条件。对这些岩浆岩的形成时代、地化属性、演化、来源等的研究将有助于了解该时期的构造背景及动力学环境。本文以西秦岭北亚带的江里沟复式岩体作为研究对象,通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、锆石Hf同位素测试和主微量元素分析,对该岩体进行了系统的研究。结果显示:江里沟复式岩体的三种主要岩性为斑状黑云母二长花岗岩、花岗斑岩和细粒花岗岩,加权平均年龄分别为:229.1±1.8Ma(MSWD=0.82)、222.5±1.4Ma(MSWD=0.41)和217.1±1.8Ma(MSWD=1.4),指示该岩体形成于晚三叠世。其地球化学性质具有高硅(SiO_2=72.67%~77.84%),富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.67%~8.75%),弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.01~1.06),高度分异(岩体由早至晚DI及Rb/Sr均升高,DI=88.9~95.36,Rb/Sr=1.76~12.19),富集Rb、Th、U、Ta、Zr、Hf和HREE元素特点,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素;三个侵入体均发育明显负Eu异常(δEu=0.54~0.62、0.26~0.47、0.20~0.60);P_2O_5含量与SiO_2呈明显的负相关关系,而Y的含量反之,综合判定认为,岩体属高分异I型花岗岩。岩石形成温度从早至晚明显降低(平均由786℃至755℃)。εHf(t)值少数0外,绝大多数介于0.1~4.8之间,相应tDM2=0.95~1.25Ga。综合推断认为,江里沟岩体的原始岩浆是由部分熔融的岩石圈地幔与中新元古代的地壳混合,形成的混合岩浆,后经强烈的结晶分异作用形成江里沟复式岩体。     

The impact of vegetation on fractionation of rare earth elements (REE) during water–rock interaction

Previous studies on waters of a streamlet in the Vosges mountains (eastern France) have shown that Sr and rare earth elements (REE) principally originate from apatite dissolution during weathering. However, stream water REE patterns normalized to apatite are still depleted in light REE (LREE, La–Sm) pointing to the presence of an additional LREE depleting process. Speciation calculations indicate that complexation cannot explain this additional LREE depletion. In contrast, vegetation samples are strongly enriched in LREE compared to water and their Sr and Nd isotopic compositions are comparable with those of apatite and waters. Thus, the preferential LREE uptake by the plants at the root–water–soil (apatite) interface might lead to an additional LREE depletion of the waters in the forested catchment. Mass balance calculations indicate that the yearly LREE uptake by vegetation is comparable with the LREE export by the streamlet and, therefore, might be an important factor controlling the LREE depletion in river waters.     

Sedimentary Phosphate Fractions Related to Calcite Precipitation in an Eutrophic Hardwater Lake (Lake Alserio, Northern Italy)

P-fractional composition has been studied in a 64-cm long sediment core collected in an eutrophic hardwater lake (Lake Alserio, northern Italy) in an attempt to identify the main mechanisms (chemical or biologic) controlling CaCO₃ precipitation in the water column. The results of the sedimentary phosphate fractionation showed that the most important P fraction was an organic fraction extracted with hot NaOH: org-P_alkali (26% of P_sed). A digestion of the supernatant of the P-fraction bound to CaCO₃ allowed the detection of a large pool of org-P (19% of P_sed). Although the nature of this fraction is unclear, we suggest that it may be involved in the biologically mediated precipitation of CaCO₃. The high CaCO₃ concentration in the entire vertical sediment profile, as well as the presence of inorg- and org-P bound to Ca in both laminated and non-laminated zones, suggest that the CaCO₃ precipitation is not a recent process but is a process that has been occurring in the lake for some time. Accordingly, the change from a homogeneous sediment to a laminated sequence might be caused by the eutrophication process of Lake Alserio occurring since the 1960s, which has allowed the preservation of the varved sediment as a consequence of the drastic reduction in bioturbation.     

Emplacement mechanisms of late-orogenic granites: structural and geochemical evidence from southern Finland

The country rock in southern Finland formed mainly during the Svecofennian orogeny ca. 1.9 Ga ago. The middle and lower crust was partially melted 1.83 Ga ago due to crustal thickening and subsequent extension. During this event, S-type migmatites and granites were formed along a 100×500 km zone. This Late Svecofennian Granite–Migmatite zone (LSGM zone) is a large crustal segment characterised by roughly E–W trending sub-horizontal migmatites and granites. Combined ductile E–W shear movements and NNW–SSE compressional movements defined a transpressional tectonic regime during the emplacement. Partial melts that moved through the crust pooled as granite sheets or froze as migmatites. Major transpressive shear zones border the LSGM zone, which forms a tectonic and metamorphic zone that crosscuts the earlier Svecofennian granitoids. Based on field observations and geochemical data from two sets of outcrops, we show that the great volumes of late-orogenic granites and migmatites in southern Finland were transported and emplaced as small chemically variable batches, possibly extracted from different protoliths. These melt batches were transported along repeatedly activated channels and collected at some horizontal level in the crust. In the Nagu area, the melt batches were trapped under a roof-layer of amphibolite and the whole complex was synchronously folded into open folds with steep axial surfaces and E–W trending fold axes. The sheets of microcline granite are, in places, strongly sheared; the microcline phenocrysts are imbricated and subsequent deformation of the microcline phenocrysts indicates syn-tectonic movements of the layers as well as a syn-tectonic mechanism for the late-magmatic fractionation. Depending on the degree of crystallisation of the individual melt batches during shearing at different intensities, the granites have slightly different appearances. Some sheared zones show a cumulate-like trace element geochemistry, indicating that melt fractions were expelled from the system, producing layers of deformation enhanced fractionated granites and cumulate layers. Our interpretation is that the Nagu area shows shear-assisted fractionation mechanisms in granitic melts, and that similar processes are responsible for the fractionation trends seen in the sub-horizontal sheeted granites in Hämeenlinna at higher levels in the crust.     

激光探针—新的稳定同位素分析方法

简要地比较了ＣｌＦ３和ＢｒＦ５两种常规氟化法的优缺点。在此基础上介绍了激光氟化法（又称激光探针法）的主要构成和特点以及激光探针法的分析精度和分析不同矿物时的特点。激光探针法具有样品处理简单、用量少、速度快和可作原位分析等优点。激光探针法的使用为地幔氧同位素系统的研究勾画了一幅新的图景；在微区同位素分析、交换反应动力学等方面也展示了良好的应用前景