Confined channel-levee complex development in an elongate depo-center: Deep-water Tertiary strata of the Austrian Molasse basin

A basin axial-channel belt was largely responsible for the observed distribution of coarse-grained gravity-flow deposits in the Tertiary Puchkirchen and basal Hall formations of the Molasse foreland basin in Upper Austria. Elements of this depositional system, mapped in three-dimensional (3D) seismic-reflection data, include channel-belt thalweg, mass-transport complexes, overbank wedge, overbank lobe, and tributary channel. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the sedimentary processes that were prevalent in the channel-belt complex through the analysis of well data, including drill cores and wireline logs, in conjunction with 3D seismic interpretations.     

The role of syntectonic sedimentation in the evolution of doubly vergent thrust wedges and foreland folds

This paper shows the evolution of time-constrained two-dimensional scaled analogue models of doubly vergent thrust systems in the presence of syntectonic sedimentation. Two sets of experiments were considered: (1) the addition of a syntectonic layer composed of a polymer and overlying sand in the prowedge; and (2) the addition to the previous condition of a progradational sedimentary load. Results from the first set of experiments indicate that the foreland fold-and-thrust belt has a strong relationship with the competence of the syntectonic layers. When the competence is low, the deformation produces tight asymmetric detachment-folds. As the competence increases, the fold-and-thrust belt shows break-trough folds with longer and better defined foreland-vergence. Results from the second set of experiments indicate that structural vergence is determined by the sense of progradation of the syntectonic layers, and in the case of strong aggradation at the prowedge, extension and reactive diapirism form contemporaneously with the contraction. Three end-members are proposed for mountain front thrust systems formed in the presence of syntectonic polymer and sand sedimentation: (1) outcropping fold-and-thrust belt sequence, in the case of no syntectonic sedimentation; (2) long displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of under-filled basins and (3) short displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of over-filled basins. All results indicate that ductile units at the base of syntectonic layers increase the displacement of the underlying frontal thrusts at the prowedge, and reduce the critical taper. Results also indicate that at very high sedimentary rates and hyper-critical taper conditions the prowedge collapses. Conclusions drawn from this research may be applied as an analogue to foreland evolution and to evaluate hydrocarbon generation, migration, and entrapment in thrust belts in areas where seismic imaging is generally poor.     

复杂构造解析中的几何学方法与应用

复杂构造地区的地震反射资料并没有直观地反映出深、浅层构造的真实形态。综合地表、地震和钻井、测井资料,应用等倾角区划分和轴面分析确定断层形态和褶皱形态在几何学上的定量关系,以达到预测地震资料较差地区的构造形态之目的,是行之有效的构造解释方法。在获得解释方案后可通过断层相关褶皱分析获得构造变形量、变形机制、变形过程和变形时间,进而定量模拟不同时代和不同序次台阶状逆断层及其相关褶皱的叠加过程。本文提供了塔里木盆地周边和准噶尔盆地南缘4个冲断带的研究实例,实例1详述了应用等倾角区划分和轴面分析开展构造精细解析的步骤;实例2从几何学和运动学的角度探讨帕米尔北缘乌帕尔冲断带在形成过程中断层形态、褶皱形态与位移量之间的定量关系;实例3从西昆仑山前甫沙冲断带三排背斜的生长地层底界由南向北逐渐抬升的现象阐述深部台阶状逆断层的"前列式"扩展作用;实例4运用构造趋势分析解释库车前陆盆地秋里塔格背斜带中段地表背斜轴线扭曲的运动学机理。     

扬子板块北缘中段前陆带构造变形特征及意义

扬子板块北缘中段前陆褶皱逆冲带在中生代经历了多期的构造叠加和改造,其复杂的构造样式记录了早期扬子板块与秦岭-大别微板块拼贴碰撞作用以及晚期转入的陆内变形过程。本文在前人研究的基础上通过对扬子板块北缘中段保康-房县地区前陆带构造变形样式及运动学特征的分析,划分出扬子板块北缘前陆褶皱逆冲带的根部、前锋及其内部次级的逆冲推覆构造单元,同时识别出一条过保康-神农架-蒲溪一带近东西走向的左行走滑剪切带,分析表明该左行走滑带形成于扬子板块北缘全面转入陆内变形之后、大巴山大规模向南西逆冲推覆运动之前的中侏罗世到晚侏罗世期间。该左行走滑剪切带对扬子板块相对于华北板块发生顺时针旋转的过程起到了调节作用,对于扬子板块北缘中生代构造演化具有重要意义。     

Provenance,volcanic record,and tectonic setting of the Paleozoic Ventania Fold Belt and the Claromecó Foreland Basin: Implications on sedimentation and volcanism along the southwestern Gondwana margin

This study focuses on the provenance, volcanic record, and tectonic setting of the Paleozoic Ventania System, a geologic province which comprises the Cambro-Devonian Ventania Fold Belt and the adjoining Permo-Carboniferous Claromecó Foreland Basin, located inboard the deformation front. The Ventania Fold Belt is formed of the Curamalal and Ventana groups, which are composed mainly of mature quartzites that were unconformably deposited on igneous and metamorphic basement. The Pillahuincó Group is exposed as part of the Claromecó Basin and it has lithological and structural features totally distinct from the lowermost groups. This group is composed of immature arkoses and subarkoses with intercalated tuff horizons, unconformably overlaying the quartzites and associated with glacial-marine deposits of the lower Late Carboniferous to Early Permian section. The petrography, as well as major and trace elements (including rare earth elements) support that the Ventania quartzites were derived from cratonic sources and deposited in a passive margin environment. For the Pillahuincó Group, we suggest a transition between rocks derived from and deposited in a passive margin environment to those with geochemical and petrographical signatures indicative of an active continental margin provenance. LA-MC-ICP-MS analysis performed on euhedral and prismatic zircon grains of the tuffs revealed an age of 284 ± 15 Ma. The geochemical fingerprints and geochronological data of the tuffs found in the Claromecó Basin support the presence of an active and widespread Lower Permian pyroclastic activity in southwestern Gondwana, which is interpreted as part of the Choiyoi Volcanic Province in Argentina and Chile.     

四川盆地中生代地热特征与前陆盆地构造、沉积作用

沉积盆地热体制与油气资源勘探有着密切的联系.基于石油钻井的Ro数据,采用古地温梯度法恢复了四川盆地钻井的最高古地温.结果显示,四川盆地西部、川东南和川东北的钻井,顶部的剥蚀量在3 700 m左右,盆地中部的剥蚀量约3 100 m.钻井古地温梯度在13.2～24.5℃/km之间,古热流在31.2～60.1 mW/m2之间...     

川西前陆盆地中侏罗统千佛岩组沉积体系研究

千佛岩组发育冲积扇、曲流河、三角洲和湖泊沉积。曲流河发育洪泛平原和河道两个亚相;三角洲发育三角洲前缘、三角洲平原及前三角洲三个亚相;湖泊相则发育浅湖和滨湖亚相;冲积扇分出扇中和扇端两个亚相。龙门山系周期性推覆构造活动是川西前陆盆地沉积作用及层序发育的主控因素。     

扬子地块与南秦岭造山带的盆山系统与构造耦合

本文重新厘定了扬子地块西北缘晚古生代至早中生代沉积盆地的原型,在综合分析南秦岭造山带和勉略缝合带形成规律的基础上,对于南秦岭造山带与扬子地块北缘的拼合演化历史以及盆山耦合关系进行了研究。指出在晚二叠世晚期(长兴组沉积上段)和早三叠世早期(飞仙关组沉积下段)发生点式碰撞,在两个不同的大地构造单元之间形成了与碰撞相关的裂谷盆地群(包括开江-梁平裂谷、城口-鄂西裂谷和东部的当阳裂谷等),碰撞裂谷群的持续演化时间为5~6Ma,这一阶段典型的沉积标志为水下早期阶段形成的海相磨拉石层序。至早三叠世的嘉陵江二段沉积时期,两个不同地块的持续拼合导致大巴山和米苍山地区与周缘前陆盆地相关的古冲断带的形成,该阶段在缝合带接触部位发育角度不整合和河流相沉积,扬子地块其余大部仍然是保持连续的海相碳酸盐岩沉积。晚三叠世南秦岭造山带与扬子北缘之间的残余大洋消失,为整体闭合的碰撞后期阶段,沉积了须家河组开始的陆相碎屑岩系,大巴山和米苍山地区进入到了以陆相磨拉石为主的前陆盆地阶段,在扬子北缘形成了神农架-黄陵隆起和米苍山隆起。晚三叠世以后大巴山和米苍山地区进入了比较复杂的后期改造阶段,产生了多期的收缩性构造活动,包括以形成区域性的假整合和小角度不整合为特征的晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期(J₃-K₁)的低幅度活动期;以大巴山和米苍山冲断带的强烈改造为主,形成薄皮冲断构造系统的早白垩世晚期变形和以形成大巴山弧形冲断带和米苍山基底卷入的冲断带为特征的新生代晚期变形。     

Geochemical evidence for coal-derived hydrocarbons and their charge history in the Dabei Gas Field, Kuqa Thrust Belt, Tarim Basin, NW China

Large to middle-scale thrust structures are important reservoir plays for coal-derived hydrocarbons in the foreland basins of NW China, with both gas and some accompanying oil. In the Dabei Gas Field of the Kuqa Thrust, however, the oil and gas pools are vertically distributed in a quite unique way: (1) liquid oil and some dissolved gas are present in the Dawanqi Anticline with the reservoir at 300-700 m depth, forming the only oil field in the Kuqa Thrust; (2) gas and minor accompanying oil are found in the deep reservoir of the Dabei-1 and Dabei-2 thrust traps around 5000-6000 m depth; (3) an extremely dry gas pool is found in the Dabei-3 thrust trap where the depth of the reservoir is over 7000 m. Geochemical data suggest that the hydrocarbons in the Dawanqi Anticline and the Dabei thrust traps originated from a similar source, i.e. the underlying Jurassic coal measures, with some contribution from Jurassic lacustrine shales. The Jurassic source rocks did not start to generate oil until the Miocene (around the Kangcun Stage), and extended into the Pliocene (the Kuche Stage) with the main gas generation period in the Pliocene (the Kuche Stage) and the Quaternary. Because the traps formed relatively early, the Dabei-1 and Dabei-2 thrusts could trap some of the early generated oils, but most of the early charged oil was redistributed to the shallower Dawanqi Anticline during the Kuche Stage. The Dabei-3 thrust trap formed concurrently with major gas generation and thus could not trap liquid hydrocarbons. The difference in the vertical distribution of the hydrocarbon accumulations in the Dabei Gas Field resulted from a complex interplay of source variability, structural evolution of the basin and thermal maturation.     

Thrust-breakthrough of asymmetric anticlines: Observational constraints from surveys in the Brooks Range,Alaska

To gain insights into the processes governing the thrust-truncation of anticlines, we conducted a field study of the thrust-truncated folds in the remote Brooks Range of northern Alaska, where there is a transition in fold style from symmetric detachment folds to thrust-truncated asymmetric folds. In order to document the detailed geometry of the km-scale folds exposed in cliff-forming, largely inaccessible outcrops, a new surveying technique was developed that combines data from a theodolite and laser range finder. The field observations, survey profiles, and cross section reconstructions, indicate that late-stage thrust breakthrough of the anticlines within the mechanically competent Lisburne Group carbonates accommodated continued shortening when other mechanisms became unfeasible, including fold tightening, forelimb rotation, and parasitic folding in the anticline forelimbs. These results provide constraints on the processes that govern the transition from buckle folding to thrust truncation in fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.