龙门山前陆盆地底部不整合面: 被动大陆边缘到前陆盆地的转换

晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地是在扬子板块西缘被动大陆边缘的基础上由印支造山运动而形成的,盆地中地层充填厚度巨大,包括晚三叠世卡尼期至瑞提期的马鞍塘组、小塘子组和须家河组,持续时间达20Myr,显示为1个以不整合面为界的构造层序。位于晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地构造层序与下伏古生代-中三叠世被动大陆边缘构造层序之间的不整合面属于龙门山前陆盆地的底部不整合面,标志了扬子板块西缘从被动大陆边缘盆地到前陆盆地的转换。该底部不整合面位于晚三叠世马鞍塘组与中三叠世雷口坡组之间,显示为平行不整合面或角度不整合面,在接触面上发育冲蚀坑、古喀斯特溶沟、溶洞、溶岩角砾、古风化壳的褐铁矿、黏土层及石英、燧石细砾岩等底砾岩。该不整合面向南东方向不断地切削下伏地层,且均发育岩溶风化面,上覆的晚三叠世地层沿不整合面向南东超覆,显示了从整合面到不整合面的变化过程,并随着逆冲楔的推进向南东方向迁移,其超覆线、侵蚀带和相带的走向线与龙门山冲断带的走向大致平行。底部不整合面显示为典型的前陆挠曲不整合面,标志着龙门山前陆盆地的形成和扬子板块西缘挠曲下降和淹没过程,底部为古喀斯特作用面,下部为碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁建造,上部为进积过程中形成的三角洲沉积物,具有向上变粗的垂向结构,表明底部不整合面和前缘隆起的抬升是扬子板块西缘构造负载的挠曲变形的产物,显示了在卡尼期松潘-甘孜残留洋盆的迅速闭合和逆冲构造负载向扬子板块的推进过程。本次在对晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地底部不整合面的风化壳、残留厚度、地层缺失、剥蚀厚度、地层超覆等研究的基础上,计算了底部不整合面迁移速率、前缘隆起迁移速率、地层上超速率和前缘隆起的剥蚀速率,并与逆冲楔推进速率进行了对比,结果表明,底部不整合面迁移速率、前缘隆起的迁移速率、地层上超速率均介于3~18mm·a^-1之间,其与逆冲楔推进速率(5~15mm·a^-1)相似,因此,可用底部不整合面迁移速率、前缘隆起的迁移速率和地层上超速率代表逆冲楔推进速率。但是前缘隆起的剥蚀速率很小,介于0.02~0.08mm·a^-1之间,仅为逆冲楔推进速率的1/100。     

大巴山地区构造地貌特征及演化——基于DEM数据处理与应用

上扬子北缘的大巴山地区是秦岭造山带和扬子地块长期相互作用的地区,构造变形和地貌特征记录了印支期、燕山期,尤其是喜山期构造运动和地貌响应过程。本文以地理信息系统（GIS）为平台,通过对数字高程数据（DEM）的处理,结合地质图、构造水系图等各种数据,对大巴山及其前缘盆地的构造地貌特征进行综合分析研究,以坡度、地形起伏度、高程图和剖面图的统计为主,分析其构造地貌特征。研究表明,大巴山自晚燕山—喜山期前陆褶皱冲断形成以来,经历了多次隆升过程,特别是自喜山期以来,大巴山共经历了至少三次大规模的隆升。     

四川盆地北部剑阁古隆起的厘定及其基本特征

古隆起成因机制及其演化的分析,可为探讨大陆陆内构造变形提供基础,古隆起也是重要油气勘探领域之一.地震剖面、钻井资料和野外露头等证据揭示,四川盆地北部须家河组上部地层缺失并非周边造山作用剥蚀形成,而是古隆起活动造成,本文称之为剑阁古隆起,对其进行厘定和描述.通过分析地震剖面和连井剖面的年代地层格架,并结合Bischke曲线分析法,确定古隆起的形成与演化历史.结合区域构造背景,分析古隆起成因.剑阁古隆起相对高部位的边界近似为须家河组缺失尖灭线,分布在江油—剑阁—广元—旺苍一带.它于晚三叠世须三期开始形成,主要发育期为须四期到须六期,持续到早侏罗世后衰亡,经历了一个完整的形成—演化—衰亡的隆起旋回,持续大约21 Ma,造成约350 m的地层沉积间断,后期改造使古隆起初始形态不复存在.剑阁古隆起的形成受控于勉略洋盆的关闭,大地构造位置属于晚三叠世扬子地块北缘前陆盆地的前隆部分,它的发现对分析扬子地块北缘构造演化和川北地区须家河组油气勘探具有重要意义.     

断层相关褶皱概念模型中的裂缝域

断层相关褶皱对裂缝的控制作用主要体现在岩层的几何形态对裂缝方位的影响和变形对岩石破裂的控制程度。本文在断层相关褶皱概念模型的基础上提出了裂缝域,并以Suppe的平行膝折概念模型为对象,利用几何学方法对模型中区域性裂缝的裂缝域进行分区描述,并提出了断层相关褶皱的曲线概念模型中区域性裂缝的分布规律。以新疆卡普沙良河一处断层转折褶皱剖面上裂缝的实测数据为依据,对模型进行验证,发现测量结果同模型基本一致。该方法为前陆冲断带地区断层相关褶皱对裂缝控制作用的定量预测提供了一种全新的思路。     

Provenance constraints on the Tremp Formation paleogeography (southern Pyrenees): Ebro Massif VS Pyrenees sources

A detailed petrological study has been performed for the end-Cretaceous clastic deposits of the southern Pyrenees. Provenance results indicate that the Maastrichtian systems from both the Àger and the Vallcebre synclines show compositional features that mainly consist of a high proportion of single and polycrystalline quartz grains, feldspar and plutonic fragments. By contrast, the sandstone systems of the Tremp syncline exhibit minor contributions from igneous source areas and higher amounts of carbonatic components. These results reveal that the Tremp basin had a source area interpreted as situated to the North in the uplifting Pyrenees. The fact that this basin does not show a high plutonic source signal indicates that the Àger and the Vallcebre basins had been fed from a distinct source area located to the South, here interpreted as the Ebro Massif. Thus, the differences mentioned above might imply that the Montsec High acted as a barrier, avoiding a southern influence in the Tremp basin.     

Fault-related fold kinematics recorded by terrestrial growth strata,Sant Llorenç de Morunys,Pyrenees Mountains,NE Spain

Foreland basin growth strata are ideal recorders of deformation rates and kinematics in tectonically active regions. This study develops a high-resolution chronostratigraphic age model to determine folding rates in the Eocene-Oligocene terrestrial growth strata of the Berga Conglomerate Group, NE Spain. The Berga Conglomerate Group was sampled for rock magnetic, magnetostratigraphic, and magnetic susceptibility (χ) cyclostratigraphy analyses. Analysis of rock magnetic measurements indicate a mixed mineral assemblage with both paramagnetic and ferromagnetic minerals. A new magnetic reversal stratigraphy constrains the time frame of folding and is in agreement with previous interpretations. Time series analysis of χ variations show statistically significant power at expected orbital frequencies and provides precession-scale (20 kyr) temporal resolution. Strain measurements including anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics and bedding plane strain worm burrow distortion are consistent with fixed hinge, flexural folding kinematics. Fault-related folding was modeled using χ cyclostratigraphy timing and strain measurement kinematic constraints. The onset of folding was at 33.85 Ma and the end of deformation is less constrained but is younger than 31.06 Ma. Deformation and sediment accumulation rates are unsteady at 20 kyr time scales but appear artificially steady at polarity chron time scales.     

Stratigraphic architecture of a tide‐influenced shelf‐edge delta,Upper Cretaceous Dorotea Formation,Magallanes‐Austral Basin,Patagonia

The Magallanes‐Austral Basin of Patagonian Chile and Argentina is a retroforeland basin associated with Late Cretaceous–Neogene uplift of the southern Andes. The Upper Cretaceous Dorotea Formation records the final phase of deposition in the Late Cretaceous foredeep, marked by southward progradation of a shelf‐edge delta and slope. In the Ultima Esperanza district of Chile, laterally extensive, depositional dip‐oriented exposures of the Dorotea Formation contain upper slope, delta‐front and delta plain facies. Marginal and shallow marine deposits include abundant indicators of tidal activity including inclined heterolithic stratification, heterolithic to sandy tidal bundles, bidirectional palaeocurrent indicators, flaser/wavy/lenticular bedding, heterolithic tidal flat deposits and a relatively low‐diversity Skolithos ichnofacies assemblage in delta plain facies. This work documents the stratigraphic architecture and evolution of the shelf‐edge delta that was significantly influenced by strong tidal activity. Sediment was delivered to a large slump scar on the shelf‐edge by a basin‐axial fluvial system, where it was significantly reworked and redistributed by tides. A network of tidally modified mouth bars and tidal channels comprised the outermost reaches of the delta complex, which constituted the staging area and initiation point for gravity flows that dominated the slope and deeper basin. The extent of tidal influence on the Dorotea delta also has important implications for Magallanes‐Austral Basin palaeogeography. Prior studies establish axial foreland palaeodrainage, long‐term southward palaeotransport directions and large‐scale topographic confinement within the foredeep throughout Late Cretaceous time. Abundant tidal features in Dorotea Formation strata further suggest that the Magallanes‐Austral Basin was significantly embayed. This ‘Magallanes embayment’ was formed by an impinging fold–thrust belt to the west and a broad forebulge region to the east.     

库车前陆冲断带盐下深层压力特征及其油气勘探意义

库车前陆冲断带盐下深层气藏埋深大, 普遍发育超压。通过收集大量盐下深层压力实测数据, 开展压力分布规律研究, 揭示其与气藏的形成及分布之间的联系。结果表明, 库车前陆冲断带盐下深层压力分布为85~127 MPa, 压力系数分布为1.5~1.9, 为超压特征。平面上, 地层压力和压力系数分布表现为南北分带、东西分段的特征。侏罗系烃源岩距白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩顶部为1 500~4 000 m之间, 平均为3 000 m, 源储压差在70 MPa以上, 超压流体为天然气强充注成藏提供动力条件, 是形成高效气藏的必要条件。平面上, 盐下深层大气藏(田)的分布与超压分布区叠置;纵向上, 气藏群位于超压集中发育的封闭楔形冲断体内, 成排成带分布。     

‘Isolated base-of-slope aprons’: An oxymoron for shallow-marine fan-shaped,temperate-water,carbonate bodies along the south-east Salento escarpment (Pleistocene,Apulia, southern Italy)

This paper regards the lower Pleistocene temperate-water carbonate deposits disconformably overlying an escarpment made up of faulted Cretaceous to Miocene limestones of the Apulia Foreland (southern Italy). Study deposits discontinuously crop out along the present-day eastern Salento sea cliff, and form isolated fan-shaped bodies, up to 1 km wide and up to 40 to 50 m thick, each of them covering an area of a few square kilometres. The internal arrangement of beds is represented by up to 25° to 30° lobate, seaward dipping clinobeds thinning and onlapping onto a rocky foreslope in the proximal sector and passing to gently inclined to sub-horizontal strata in the distal sector. Seven facies were distinguished, mainly composed of coarse-grained skeletal carbonates made up of a heterozoan association including coralline algae, large and small benthic foraminifera, echinoids, molluscs, bryozoans and serpulids. Since clinobeds were formed thanks to hyperconcentrated density flows (grain flows) bypassing the upper part of the inherited escarpment, these skeletal grains represent ex situ deposits whose shallow-marine factory was located upward (landward) with respect to the bypassed zone, likely in the almost flat area on top of the Salento Peninsula. Clinobeds are often affected by tens of metres wide and long channel-like structures interpreted as landslide scars. Inside these gullies, contorted beds (slumps) or matrix-supported intra-bioclastic floatstone/rudstone (massive deposits) are present. The occurrence of supercritical-flow structures (for example, backset-bedded beds) indicates the development of hydraulic jumps along the steep slope of gullies. Since these clinostratified, fan-shaped carbonate bodies represent carbonate slopes, and that the latter are known as aprons, normally related to linear sourced sediments, an acceptable oxymoron for studied fan-shaped carbonate bodies is suggested: ‘isolated base-of-slope aprons’.     

塔里木盆地西部喀什地区新生代褶皱冲断带构造解析

基于纵贯喀什地区4条地震剖面的精细构造解析,建立了喀什地区新生代褶皱冲断带的构造地质模型,认为该区新生代晚期不仅受南天山造山带南冲挤压的控制,也受到来自西昆仑的北冲推覆作用的影响,从而将喀什地区的冲断构造划分为北部的"南天山前陆冲断系统"(西段可称"阿图什前陆褶皱冲断带")和南部的"西昆仑前陆冲断系统"两部分。通过平衡恢复技术,定量计算了这两部分的最小水平构造缩短量分别为43.7 km和4 km,剖面总的缩短率为50%。综合构造演化序列和保存条件分析,认为北部深层成藏条件较好,优质储层是否发育是钻探成功的关键因素。