A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

前震序列型震群的识别方法及动态跟踪预报程式研究

通过研究发生在辽宁地区12个震群活动的特征及其前兆意义，提出了前震序列型震群的概念，定义了两个新的判定震群性质的特征参数Pt、Et，给出了前震序列型震群的识别方法和判定标准，探讨了震群动态跟踪预报程式方案和具体实时操作方法。     

县局预报平台设计

介绍了县级气象局预报平台的设计思路和基本框架。     

A Comparison of Model Predictions to Observations of Seasonal Variability and Circulation in the Eastern Mediterranean

Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) observations collected along a transect across the Eastern Mediterranean are compared with the respective predictions of thermocline structure and variability produced by the POSEIDON system's ocean circulation model. The observations, obtained in the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System project, cover a complete annual cycle, at a repetition rate of 1-2 transects per month, thus providing an excellent data set for estimating the model's skill to forecast seasonal variability and mesoscale circulation in the upper 450 m of the ocean. The comparison has revealed that the model adequately predicts the seasonal cycle of the evolution of the thermocline but tends to generate less steep thermoclines than observed. Furthermore, the mesoscale circulation is not accurately predicted. For the latter, data assimilation is considered a necessary step towards the improvement of the system.     

沈阳地区气象条件对人体健康影响的研究及预报

应用丰富的常规气象观测数据、非常规气象观测数据和医疗数据建立了沈阳地区适用的气象与健康服务业务系统，包括气象条件对疾病的影响和气象条件对人的生活影响；采用多种统计理论建立了各种指数指标的预测模型；针对沈阳地区的气候特点和人的适应性，重新界定了各种指数指标的分级。     

中国地震倾斜潮观测台网

系统论述了中国地震倾斜潮观测台网利用地倾斜及其潮汐监测预报地震的科学思路、台网特征、观测精度、映震效能等。重点总结了建网中切合国情、台情的中国独特经验;对第一代、新一代台网记录倾斜同震阶跃信息与前兆异常现象的能力作了对比;还讨论了台网的应用前景。     

用预报残差最小的逐步回归方法作黄河上游旱涝预测试验

本文提出用预报残差最小的逐步回归方法作预报,较之传统的逐步回归具有计算简便、适应于小型计算机计算等优点。在作黄河上游旱涝预测试验中表明有较好的效果。     

遥感信息在水文动态模拟中的应用

以浙江省曹娥江流域为试验区,采用萨克拉门托流域水文模型,重点探讨了利用LandsatTM影象资料直接或辅助确定水文模型参数的途径和方法。研究表明,应用遥感信息确定萨克拉门托流域模型参数,进行日、月和年径流的动态模拟是完全可行的,并可取得较满意的精度,从而为无资料地区的水文动态模拟和监测提供了新经验。     

The emerging role of satellite rainfall data in improving the hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in the under-developed regions of the world

The systematic decline of in situ networks for hydrologic measurements has been recognized as a crucial limitation to advancing hydrologic monitoring in medium to large basins, especially those that are already sparsely instrumented. As a collective response, sections of the hydrologic community have recently forged partnerships for the development of space-borne missions for cost-effective, yet global, hydrologic measurements by building upon the technological advancements since the last two decades. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art on flood monitoring in medium and large ungauged basins where satellite remote sensing can facilitate development of a cost-effective mechanism. We present our review in the context of the current hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in flood-prone developing nations situated in international river basins (IRBs). Given the large number of such basins and the difficulty in acquisition of multi-faceted geophysical data, we argue that the conventional data-intensive implementation of physically based hydrologic models that are complex and distributed is time-consuming for global assessment of the utility of proposed global satellite hydrologic missions. A more parsimonious approach is justified at the tolerable expense of accuracy before such missions begin operation. Such a parsimonious approach can subsequently motivate the identified international basins to invest greater effort in conventional and detailed hydrologic studies to design a prototype flood forecasting system in an effort to overcome the hydro-political hurdles to flood monitoring. Through a modeling exercise involving an open-book watershed concept, we demonstrate the value of a parsimonious approach in understanding the utility of NASA-derived satellite rainfall products. It is critical now that real-world operational flood forecasting agencies in the under-developed world come forward to collaborate with the research community in order to leverage satellite rainfall data for greater societal benefit for inhabitants in IRBs.     

Streamflow drought time series forecasting

Drought is considered to be an extreme climatic event causing significant damage both in the natural environment and in human lives. Due to the important role of drought forecasting in water resources planning and management and the stochastic behavior of drought, a multiplicative seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model is applied to the monthly streamflow forecasting of the Zayandehrud River in western Isfahan province, Iran. After forecasting 12 leading month streamflow, four drought thresholds including streamflow mean, monthly streamflow mean, 2-, 5-, 10- and 20-year return period monthly drought and standardized streamflow index were chosen. Both observed and forecasted streamflow showed a drought period with different severity in the lead-time. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of SARIMA models in forecasting, water resources planning and management.