荒漠绿洲区人工梭梭林土壤水分空间异质性的定量研究

利用12×12m²样地中1×1m²、0～100cm剖面的土壤水分调查数据,采用地统计学原理与方法,研究了人工梭梭林(Haloxylon ammodendron)在栽植20a后的土壤水分格局的空间异质性程度、异质性组成、尺度以及与梭梭生长的关系.结果表明:人工梭梭林土壤水分空间异质性的96%～88%是由空间自相关因素引起的,随机因素起的作用较小.除60～80cm土层土壤水分的块金值与基台值比值较高(C₀/(C₀+C)=0.5),其它各层都较小(0.04～0.12),变程为1.57～2.97m.在较小(<2m)和较大(>8m)的尺度上,土壤水分的空间相关性较强.沿垂直剖面土壤含水量差异显著,10～20cm土层含水量最高(2.82%),其它各层较小(1.30%～1.67%).     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地LAS和EC观测感热通量对比分析

利用2009年6月20日至7月3日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区地-气相互作用观测试验中的大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)和涡动相关仪(EC)观测资料,对LAS和EC在流动沙漠地区观测的感热通量差异进行了对比分析.结果表明:LAS和EC测得的感热通量变化趋势一致,两者有很好的相关性.总体来看,LAS的感热通量测量值大于EC测得的感热通量值.如果LAS和EC测量的允许差异|△H|≤50 W/m2时,LAS和EC测量结果无显著差异的频率达79%左右.因此,LAS完全适用于流动沙漠地区大尺度的感热通量的观测研究.     

无人机航磁测量在荒漠戈壁地区的应用效果分析

随着无人机航磁测量技术的不断发展,其在不同地貌景观区的应用空间得到了逐步拓展.为验证无人机航磁测量在我国戈壁荒漠地区的实际应用效果,本文结合戈壁荒漠地区的自然环境特点,开展了机型适用性试验,从抗风能力、地形跟随能力、续航能力与工作效率、数据采集质量等几个方面,对多旋翼型、垂直起降固定翼型无人机在戈壁荒漠地区的适用性进行...     

Do predator and prey foraging activity patterns match? A study of coyotes (Canis latrans), and lagomorphs (Lepus californicus and Sylvilagus audobonii)

Many aspects of an animal’s ecology are associated with activity patterns. One important and controversial one is in the predator/prey relationship. We examined temporal patterns of coyotes (Canis latrans) and lagomorphs (Lepus californicus, Sylvilagus audobonii), their main prey in the Chihuahuan Desert. We test the hypothesis that a predator and prey will have non-random distribution of activity relative to each other; this non-random activity could be a substantial overlap or the lack of synchrony depending on the competing theories. We used GPS collars to track coyotes; we identified areas of activity and determined daily patterns. We installed lagomorph feeding stations and game cameras in coyote activity areas to assess lagomorph patterns. All three species were mainly crepuscular. Black-tail jackrabbits and Audubon’s cottontail rabbits had different hourly patterns of activity (P < 0.001). Activity peaks for jackrabbits occurred between 0400-0700 h, and 1800-2000 h. Cottontail rabbit activity peaks occurred between 0500-0700 h, and 1800-2000 h. The coyote evening activity peak was synchronous with lagomorph activity, but the morning peak occurred from 0700 to 1000. We found partial lack of synchrony in the activity patterns of the predator and its prey.     

渤海涟虫类和软体动物幼虫食性的观察

根据消化道内食物分析结果得出：涟虫类、三叶针尾涟虫和驼背涟虫、瓣锶类后期幼虫和腹足类后期幼虫都营浮游植物食性,以硅藻类为主要食物。细长涟虫以星脐圆筛藻、未查明的圆筛藻和辐射圆筛藻为主要摄食对象;三叶针尾涟虫以舟形藻和新月菱形藻为主要摄食对象;驼背涟虫以辐射圆筛为主要摄食对象。鳃类后期幼虫以辐射圆筛藻和未查明的圆筛藻为主要摄食对象;腹足类后期幼虫以未查明的圆筛藻、辐射圆筛藻和中心圆筛藻为主要摄食对象     

地表能量平衡方程在新疆地表温度模拟中的应用

地表温度是影响地表能量收支平衡和气候变化的重要因子,也是评价陆面模式性能的主要指标.新疆下垫面包括沙漠、绿洲、冰川、积雪等多种类型,其地表温度变化对生态环境和天气气候变化有重要影响.为了找到影响第三代陆面模式NCAR CLM4.5模拟新疆地表温度效果的主要因子,促进该模式发展,在对ERA-5再分析资料评估基础上,以其作...     

Abundance and diversity of small-bird assemblages in the Monte desert, Argentina

Assemblages of small bird species (<90 g body mass) from the Monte desert in Argentina were studied to analyze spatial and temporal variation in abundance and species richness. Mean species richness was higher during breeding season than in non-breeding season. The same pattern was observed in aerial insectivores, while granivores and substrate insectivores did not differ between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Overall bird abundance was similar across seasons. Species richness was positively correlated with bird abundance and negatively correlated with dominance; bird abundance and dominance were not correlated. These patterns could be explained by distinct responses of functional groups of birds; dominant species were granivores in the non-breeding season and aerial insectivores during the breeding season, and bird abundance in functional groups changed according to food supply. Most species are residents or regular migrants, while there are few nomadic and transient species. Predictable annual fluctuations in rainfall and resource availability should favor a migratory strategy more than nomadic movements. Similarly, breeding is strongly seasonal and most species start breeding when the first summer rains have generally not yet fallen. Finally, concordances in assemblage structure at local and regional scale suggest that similar mechanisms are acting on the local bird assemblages across the Monte.     

荒漠地区15种植物的元素含量

采集了15种荒漠地区常见植物的样品,基于X射线荧光光谱法对其元素含量进行了测定。结果表明：组成荒漠地区植物的常量元素主要有Cl、S、P、Ca、Si、Al、K、Na和Mg,微量元素主要有Sr、Rb、Br、Zn、Cu、Ni、V、Ti、Ba、Mn 和Fe。不同种类植物中各元素的含量不同,体现了植物因遗传生理特性的不同而对环境元素选择吸收的特点。15种荒漠植物的常量元素组成的典型特征是富Ca、K贫Na,表明生境对各类植物化学成分含量的统一影响。属于同科的植物化学元素组成比较接近,说明植物元素化学成分可作为植物分类的标志之一。     

西鄂尔多斯荒漠灌丛生态系统碳密度

为了估算西鄂尔多斯天然荒漠灌丛生态系统碳密度并揭示碳储量在不同层片（灌丛植株、草本层、枯落物层及土壤层）、器官间的分配规律,以该区5种优势荒漠灌丛（沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mogolicus、霸王Zygophyllum xanthoxylum、四合木Tetraena mongolica、半日花Helianthemum songaricum和红砂Reaumuria songarica）群落为对象,测定了5种灌丛生态系统碳密度。结果表明：西鄂尔多斯5种荒漠灌丛生态系统碳密度40.28~55.51 t·hm^-2,其中土壤层碳密度占绝对优势（97.15%~98.51%）,为39.40~54.48 t·hm^-2,且在0~50 cm随着土层深度的增加而增加;植被层生物量密度垂直分布格局表现为灌丛层 > 草本层 > 枯落物层,灌丛层碳密度空间上表现为距离黄河越近碳密度越大（沙冬青和半日花灌丛生物量碳分别占各自植被层生物量密度的92.16%和62.42%）,而草本层碳密度表现出与之相反的规律;草本层根系生物量碳也是灌丛生态系统碳重要组成部分,碳密度8.41~38.29 g·m^-2,占植被层碳密度的5.36%~45.18%;除红砂灌丛外,灌丛草本层地下部分碳密度显著高于地上部分（P<0.05）;灌丛个体碳储量分布表现为枝条 > 根系 > 叶片,粗枝和粗根是单株灌丛碳储量的主要贡献者,且在灌丛种间差异显著（P<0.05）,根系生物量碳占植被层碳储量的20.00%~33.53%,叶片生物量碳占总植被层碳储量的2.02%~24.54%。     

民勤绿洲边缘荒漠植被滴灌恢复试验研究

应用滴灌技术对民勤绿洲边缘退化植被梭梭、白刺进行灌溉恢复试验研究。结果表明:(1)滴灌条件下,退化植被梭梭、白刺生长良好,可使梭梭新稍增长1.3~1.5倍,新梢数目增多1.1~1.2倍,新梢生物量增加1.5~1.8倍;使白刺冠幅增大1.9~2.8倍,叶片数增多1.6~2.2倍,叶生物量增大2.8~6.5倍。(2)滴灌植物梭梭、白刺光合生理作用强。相对免灌对照,梭梭在100 m³.hm^-2和150 m³.hm^-2的灌溉定额下光合速率(CO2)提高1.30 μmol.m^-2.s^-1和3.42 μmol.m^-2.s^-1,白刺在200 m³.hm^-2和300 m³.hm^-2的灌溉定额下光合速率提高0.76 μmol.m^-2.s^-1和1.35 μmol.m^-2.s^-1,滴灌植被光合速率随灌溉量的增加而增大。(3)灌溉林地土壤水分状况得到较大的改善,在0~250 cm土壤层次内,梭梭林地水分为3\^07%~3\^34％,相对对照林地提高了1.0~1.3百分点;白刺林地水分为2.76%~4.43％,相对对照提高了0.7~2.3百分点。