Experimental and texture-derived P-wave anisotropy of principal rocks from the TRANSALP traverse: An aid for the interpretation of seismic field data

A representative suite of deformed, metamorphic rocks from the TRANSALP reflection seismic traverse in the Eastern Alps was studied in the laboratory with respect to elastic properties and whole-rock texture. Compressional wave (P-wave) velocities and their anisotropies were measured at various experimental conditions (dry, wet, confining pressure), and compared to the texture-related component of anisotropy. Here ‘texture’ refers to crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs), which were determined by neutron texture goniometry. In gneisses and schists P-wave anisotropies are mainly controlled by the microcrack fabric. In marbles and amphibolites CPO contributes very significantly to anisotropy. At 200 MPa confining pressure the degree of anisotropy is between 5% and 15%, depending on rock composition and/or CPO intensity. Special emphasis was also put on discussing possible effects of fluids on seismic velocity and anisotropy. Distributions of water-filled microcracks and pores are distinctly anisotropic, with maximum contribution to bulk rock velocity mostly parallel to the foliation pole. Decreasing P-wave velocity and increasing anisotropy of immersed samples may be explained by crack-induced changes of the elastic moduli of bulk rock. The main conclusion regarding interpretation of TRANSALP data is that strong reflections in the deep Alpine crust are probably due to marble–gneiss and metabasite–gneiss contacts, although P-wave anisotropy and boundaries between zones of ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ series may contribute to reflectivity to some extent.     

From partial melting to retrogression in the Pointe Geologie migmatitic complex: a history of heterogeneous distribution of fluids

In the Pointe Géologie area (66°40 S; 140°00 E; Terre Adélie, East Antarctica), the Paleoproterozoic basement consists in a migmatitic complex of metasedimentary origin. Metasediments underwent a thermal event, leading to the high-grade amphibolite facies assemblages biotite–cordierite–sillimanite and to dehydration melting reactions at 4–6 kbar and 700±50 °C, followed by retrogression in greenschist facies.

In most of the archipelago, K-feldspar gneisses (KFG) are characterized by a Sil+Crd+Kfs+Bt assemblage and many K-feldspar-rich leucosomes. Locally, a spectacular rock type occurs as North dipping bands of about 10 m thick and consists in nodular gneisses (NG) that display less abundant, K-feldspar-poor leucosomes.

Commonly, the retrograde imprint facies is quite weak in KFG and only expressed by sporadic Bt–Ms±And equilibrium assemblage, whereas it developed more extensively in NG. A pseudosection calculated at constant P=4 kbar shows that the differences between NG and KFG assemblages can be considered to be mainly driven by difference in H₂O proportions and much less by differences in FeO/MgO or K₂O/MgO ratios. The hydrated assemblage (Bt–Ms nodules) in NG requires at least 10–20% more H₂O than the Crd+Kfs+Sil/And assemblage does in KFG. Parageneses and mineral compositions indicate that this difference in H₂O occurred early in the history, at least as early as the anatectic stage. Therefore, differences between NG and KFG are related to the variation in partial melting features (water distribution, proportion of melt extraction), which appears to be spatially controlled by cryptic tectonic structures. The particular shape and orientation of NG bands are interpreted as a complex history of melt extraction in the Pointe Géologie area which could involve a two stage melting process.     

寻找隐伏导水陷落柱的有效方法——综合探测逐渐逼近

隐伏导水陷落柱的存在是矿井安全生产的重大隐患，是矿井防治水的重点、难点。目前单一探测手段难以准确探测隐伏导水陷落柱。根据地质、水文条件在宏观上圈出隐伏导水陷落柱范围，然后利用三维地震、电磁法、化探、放水试验、水质分析、钻探等综合勘探手段，逐步缩小异常区范围。实践证明，这种从宏观到微观，从整体到局部，有效利用各种勘探手段，逐步逼近，能够准确定位隐伏导水陷落柱。     

Carbon–oxygen isotope and trace element constraints on how fluids percolate faulted limestones from the San Andreas Fault system: partitioning of fluid sources and pathways

Understanding the way fluids flow in fault zones is of prime importance to develop correct models of earthquake mechanics, especially in the case of the abnormally weak San Andreas Fault (SAF) system. Because fluid flow can leave detectable signatures in rocks, geochemistry is essential to bring light on this topic. The present detailed study combines, for the first time, C–O isotope analyses with a comprehensive trace element data set to examine the geometry of fluid flow within a significant fault system hosted by a carbonate sequence, from a single locality across the Little Pine Fault–SAF system. Such a fault zone contains veins, deformation zones, and their host rocks. Stable isotope geochemistry is used to establish a relative scale of integrated fluid–rock ratios. Carbonate δ¹⁸O varies between 28‰ and 15‰ and δ¹³C between 5‰ and −7‰. From highest to lowest delta values, thus from least to most infiltrated, are the host rocks, the vein fillings, and the deformation zone fillings, respectively. Infiltration increases toward fault core. The fluids are H₂O–CO₂ mixtures. Two fluid sources, one internal and the other external, are found. The external fluid is inferred to come essentially from metamorphism of the Franciscan formation underneath. The internal (local) fluid is provided by a 30% volume reduction of the host limestones resulting from pressure solution and pore size reduction. Most trace elements, including the lanthanides, show enrichment at the 100-m scale in host carbonate rocks as fluid–rock ratios increase toward the fault core. In contrast, the same trace element concentrations are low, relative to host rocks, in veins and deformation zone carbonate fillings, and this difference in concentration increases as fluid–rock ratio increases toward the fault core. We suggest that the fluid trace elements are scavenged by complexation with organic matter in the host rocks. Elemental complexation is especially illustrated by large fractionation of Y–Ho and Nb–Ta geochemical pairs. Complexation associated with external fluid flow has a significant effect on trace element enrichment (up to 700% relative enrichment) while concentration by pressure solution associated with volume decrease of host rocks has a more limited effect (up to 40% relative enrichment). Our observations from the millimeter to the kilometer scale call for the partitioning of fluid sources and pathways, and for a mixed focused–pervasive fluid flow mechanism. The fluid mainly flows within veins and deformation zones and, simultaneously, within at least 10 cm from these channels, part of the fluid flows pervasively in the host rock, which controls the fluid composition. Scavenging of the fluid rare earth elements (REE) by host rocks is responsible for the formation of REE-depleted vein and deformation zone carbonate fillings. Fluid flow is not only restricted to veins or deformation zones as commonly believed. An important part of fluid flow takes place in host rocks near fault zones. Hence, the nature of the lithologies hosting fault zones must be considered in order to take into account the role of fluids in the seismic cycle.     

宾汉流体的触变性及球体绕流阻力

通过推导和实验,建立了宾汉触变流体的屈服应力及不沉降最大球体直径随浑水静止历时增长而变化的公式;建立了宾汉触变流体运动的Navier-Stokes方程,求解该方程时,导得了球体在宾汉触变流体中沉降时的绕流阻力及阻力系数公式。用各种来源的宾汉触变体浑水的流变试验资料及X射线屏幕上观测球体运动的试验资料验证上述公式,取得了良好的结果。     

流体构造动力学及其研究现状与进展

流体构造动力学是介于流体地质学和构造地质学之间的一个重要前沿领域 ,主要研究由流体的温度和压力等物理状态及其变化、流体的迁移与运动和流体与岩石矿物发生化学反应等物理与化学过程所引起的构造作用和动力学机制 ,研究内容涉及流体与构造的关系、流体的构造作用方式、流体构造类型与动力学成因机制。对流体构造动力学主要研究方向的研究成果进行了总结和回顾 ,介绍了流体构造动力学的一些研究进展 ,并指出流体是地壳运动、造山作用及岩石的褶皱和断裂等构造过程的重要参与者和组织者。     

海域煤层防水安全煤柱估算方法评述——以山东省黄县煤田梁家煤矿扩大区（西海域）为例

山东省黄县煤田梁家煤矿位扩大区位于龙口湾内,水文地质条件与陆地不同,通过海域钻孔资料分析,划分出松散层及煤层和顶底板含隔水层,结合伺服试验结果进行充水因素分析,计算导水裂隙带高度和防水煤柱高度,从而合理留设防水安全煤柱,为安全采煤提供重要依据。     

亚暴事件中磁尾多重等离子体团的数值研究(Ⅱ)

以宁静磁尾平衡解为初态,本文考虑介质的可压缩性,对GEOTAIL卫星于亚暴事件中,观测到多重等离子体团与高能离子爆相对应之特征作模拟研究．数值结果表明：重复形成的等离子体团是高温、高密度区,揭示了等离子体团与高能离子爆──对应的动力学原因．本文的模拟结果还表明：大尺度等离子体团的地向运动,与X中性点的尾向迁移及地向流动增强相对应,而上述现象与驱动入流沿着边界的分布形态（即电场E的分布）有关．     

含油岩石的荧光特征研究

在紫外光照射下,很多有机物质和部分无机物质能够发出不同颜色和亮度的荧光。本文研究了含油岩芯中岩石矿物的荧光特征,指出采用氯仿（或乙烷）试剂浸泡岩样是区别岩石矿物荧光的有效方法。本文着重对含油岩芯中有机质组成以及有机组分与荧光颜色的关系进行了深入的探讨,指出依据含油岩芯的荧光颜色可以进行油气水层的荧光解释。     

环空流动壁面剪应力对固井质量的影响

应用壁面剪应力固井解决了委内瑞拉Caracoles油田固井实践中存在的顶替效率问题。壁面剪应力固井的主要观点是：水泥浆在环空流动的壁面剪应力达到15Pa时，可以保证CBL、VDL和SBT三项胶结测井结果合格;水泥浆在环空流动的壁面剪应力达到30Pa时，可以保证CBL、VDL和SBT三项胶结测井结果优质。高的壁面剪应力可以通过紊流获得，也可以通过提高水泥浆粘切力获得。