贵州石头寨二叠系生物礁型古油藏包裹体特征

贵州紫云石头寨二叠系生物礁型古油藏是滇黔桂地区上古生界生物礁型古油藏的典型代表。古油藏发育3期溶孔,裂缝充填方解石,其中含丰富的油气包裹体,与3期油气包裹体共生的气液水包裹体的均一温度分别为77～84℃,91～103℃和103～155℃。古油藏的油气充注始于印支中期,在印支晚期至燕山早期达到高峰,燕山中晚期遭受破坏,形成现今的残余古油藏。     

Petrographic,fluid inclusion and isotopic study of the Dikulushi Cu–Ag deposit,Katanga (D.R.C.): implications for exploration

The Dikulushi Cu–Ag vein-type deposit is located on the Kundelungu Plateau, in the southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.). The Kundelungu Plateau is situated to the north of the Lufilian Arc that hosts the world-class stratiform Cu–Co deposits of the Central African Copperbelt. A combined petrographic, fluid inclusion and stable isotope study revealed that the mineralisation at Dikulushi developed during two spatially and temporally distinct mineralising episodes. An early Cu–Pb–Zn–Fe mineralisation took place during the Lufilian Orogeny in a zone of crosscutting EW- and NE-oriented faults and consists of a sequence of sulphides that precipitated from moderate-temperature, saline H₂O–NaCl–CaCl₂-rich fluids. These fluids interacted extensively with the country rocks. Sulphur was probably derived from thermochemical reduction of Neoproterozoic seawater sulphate. Undeformed, post-orogenic Cu–Ag mineralisation remobilised the upper part of the Cu–Pb–Zn–Fe mineralisation in an oxidising environment along reactivated and newly formed NE-oriented faults in the eastern part of the deposit. This mineralisation is dominated by massive Ag-rich chalcocite that precipitated from low-temperature H₂O–NaCl–KCl fluids, generated by mixing of moderate- and low-saline fluids. The same evolution in mineralisation assemblages and types of mineralising fluids is observed in three other Cu deposits on the Kundelungu Plateau. Therefore, the recognition of two distinct types of (vein-type) mineralisation in the study area has a profound impact on the exploration in the Kundelungu Plateau region. The identification of a Cu–Ag type mineralisation at the surface could imply the presence of a Cu–Pb–Zn–Fe mineralisation at depth.     

井间断裂构造的计算机分析方法

井间断裂构造分析是根据测井资料,以地层分层数据为基础,利用计算机技术实现井间断裂分析的一种计算机自动分析方法.动态波形匹配算法能够很好地建立井间地层之间的对比关系,可以通过曲线拟合、特征提取、匹配代价计算等步骤,自动绘制井间地层对比的路径图解.通过对各种构造的路径图分析,总结出正断层、逆断层、不整合、同沉积断层、犁式断层和地层尖灭等34种情况下的路径图模式,提出路径图模式及相关概念.     

粤北仁化棉花坑铀矿床成矿热液演化及其对成矿过程的约束

本文以棉花坑(302)铀矿床成矿期紫黑色萤石、浅粉红色方解石及赤红色微晶石英等含铀脉石矿物及与之共生的黄铁矿为研究对象,采用流体包裹体热力学、群体成分分析及黄铁矿微量元素分析等方法,对成矿流体演化特性及对成矿过程的指示与约束开展了研究。研究表明,成矿期的萤石、方解石、微晶石英中流体包裹体类型以富液相两相Na Cl-H_2O型为主,平均均一温度分别为185. 8℃、177. 0℃、140. 4℃,平均盐度分别为2. 24%Na Cleqv、1. 36%Na Cleqv、1. 75%Na Cleqv,矿床流体具有中低温低盐度特征;计算出平均成矿压力分别为39. 5MPa、38. 0MPa、30. 1MPa,平均成矿深度分别为1. 5km、1. 3km、1. 1km。流体包裹体群体成分显示成矿流体中富含K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)等阳离子和HCO_-~3、F~-、SO_4~(2-)等阴离子及CO_2、H_2O等气相成分。这些脉石矿物为成矿期不同阶段沉淀的产物,随着成矿流体温度、压力逐渐降低,流体存在演化分异和不混溶现象,流体内的∑M+/∑M-逐渐升高,矿物沉淀按先析出萤石、其次方解石、最后微晶石英的顺序进行。成矿期黄铁矿Y/Ho平均比值变化显示,矿物沉淀过程逐渐改变了成矿流体性质,使得Zr/Hf、Nb/La、Co/Ni等稀土、高场强元素平均比值逐渐变小,还原性的成矿环境也会发生轻微波动;铀元素在流体演化的最晚阶段才大量与微晶石英一同沉淀,沉淀出的黄铁矿U/Th平均比值逐渐升高。     

锡-银多金属成矿系统的基本特征、研究进展与展望

锡-银多金属成矿系统主要产于主动大陆边缘、板内伸展和造山后伸展等构造背景中。全球典型成矿带包括玻利维亚南部带、俄罗斯远东Sikhote-Alin带、我国大兴安岭南段、南岭和欧洲Erzgebirge地区。成矿相关岩浆岩主要为浅成中酸性侵入体或次火山岩体,包括流纹英安-流纹质火山/次火山岩、石英斑岩、花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩等,并与同期火山岩和碱性基性岩脉密切共生。岩浆源区不仅有大量地壳物质的参与,还普遍存在不同比例地幔物质成分的加入。围岩蚀变由早到晚、由成矿中心向外依次发育电气石化/云英岩化、绢云母化、伊利石化和高级泥化,金属矿化组合相应的依次为Sn(-W)→Zn-CuPb-Sn→Ag-Pb-Zn-Sb-Sn→Ag-Sb-Pb,锡矿化产于电气石和云英岩化带内,银矿化产于伊利石化和高级泥化带内。以银为主矿体多在浅部呈多条陡立脉状产出,以锡为主的矿体在深部呈大脉状和热液角砾岩体产出,也可呈浸染状或细网脉状产出(此时称为斑岩型锡矿)。此类矿床还常伴生In、Cd、Ga等矿化,主要产于闪锌矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿为主的硫化物成矿阶段。对成矿金属起源的研究显示锡可能主要来自中上地壳富锡的变质沉积岩,但银的来源尚无明确解释,沉积岩、地幔、围岩地层可能都有贡献。岩浆较低的氧逸度条件和富Cl的成分有利于形成富锡和其它金属的成矿流体,成矿早期流体常具有较高的盐度,伴随温度的降低和天水流体的稀释过程,流体由早期的高温高盐度逐渐演化到晚期的低温低盐度,并伴随不同金属的依次沉淀,这一过程中,可能多期次流体的叠加作用对大型矿床的形成起重要作用。在前人研究基础上,提出了本类型矿床研究中存在的一些关键问题:(1)普遍存在的壳幔相互作用在成矿过程中的作用尚不明确,地幔物质可能是重要的热源、硫和金属的来源;(2)火山作用与成矿之间的关系及其所起的作用;(3)在同一锡-银多金属成矿带中,富锡贫银、富银贫锡、富锡又富银这三类矿床之间的成因联系如何?造成它们金属组合差异的原因如何?可能需要从岩体侵位深度、矿床剥蚀程度、成矿流体性质等方面进行研究探讨;(4)不同金属元素的起源与耦合成矿作用,Sn-Ag-In等重要的成矿元素可能不是相同的起源,其进入流体的时间及沉淀的物理化学条件也是有差异的,它们在同一矿床中耦合成矿的详细过程与机制尚不清楚,原位微区流体包裹体成分分析、硫化物微量元素和同位素原位分析和面扫描技术可能是解决这一难题的重要手段。上述问题的解决不仅有助于提高对锡-银多金属矿床成矿过程的认识,还可为相关矿床的勘查找矿工作提供理论支持。     

Ore geology,fluid inclusions and O-S stable isotope characteristics of Shurab Sb-polymetallic vein deposit,eastern Iran

The Shurab Sb-polymetallic mineralization is a subvolcanic rock-hosted epithermal deposit and located in north Lut Block, eastern Iran. It is one of the most important deposits of the Iranian East Magmatic Assemblage (IEMA) in which numerous Middle-Cenozoic precious and base metals deposits occur. The main lithological units in the area are Paleogene subvolcanic intrusions and minor Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Mineralization occurs as veins in a series of NW-SE and E-W trending faults and fractures in the Eocene-Oligocene dacite and andesite subvolcanic rocks. Mineralization at the Shurab deposit can be subdivided into four stages: pre-ore stage, Cu-Zn-Pb ore stage, Sb-Ag ± As ore stage and post-ore stage. The total sulfide content of the veins in the area is variable, ranging from 1 to 50%, and is dominated by stibnite, chalcopyrite, galena, Fe-poor sphalerite and pyrite with minor chalcostibite, Ag-tetrahedrite and bournonite; gangue minerals are mainly quartz and calcite. Silicic, argillic, propylitic, and sericitic, are the most obvious wall rock alterations. Microthermometric measurements of primary liquid-rich fluid inclusions in quartz and sphalerite indicate that the veins were formed at temperatures between 115 and 290 °C from fluids with salinities between 0.7 and 16.2 wt% NaCl eq., suggesting an epithermal origin. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena vary between -2.5 and 0.8‰, and δ¹⁸O values of quartz range between 12.5 and 14.8‰. It is inferred that the Shurab mineralization is of epithermal origin, related to an Eocene-Oligocene magmatic geothermal system involving fluids of magmatic and meteoric origin.     

Significance of graphite inclusion occurrence in the minerals of the San Miguel skarn for the Palaeoproterozoic basement of Tandilia Belt (Argentina) and for the Río de la Plata Craton

Graphite in Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic rocks has been a subject of interest since it could represent an evidence of early life on Earth. In the Palaeoproterozoic basement of the Tandilia Belt, graphite was found both in fluid inclusions (FI) hosted in the San Miguel skarn calc-silicate minerals, and as solid inclusions in calcite crystals from the protolithic marble (a¹³C enriched carbonate from the “Lomagundi-Jatuli event”). FI microthermometry and oxygen stable isotope ratios indicated the skarn minerals formation within the range of 630–650 °C (at ∼5 kbars) and ∼642–654 °C, respectively. Also, the characterisation of the metasomatic fluid (of a low salinity <7 wt% NaCl eq. NaClH₂O/NaClKClH₂O aqueous system) pointed out that the zonal crystallisation pattern shown by the skarn minerals (wollastonite-vesuvianite, grossular-diopside-calcite and diopside-calcite zones in the exoskarn, and grossular-diopside and diopside-calcic plagioclase zones in the endoskarn) responds to the increase of the involved cation activity gradients (Ca²⁺-Si⁴⁺-Mg²⁺-Fe^2+/3+-Al³⁺) and not to significant changes in the temperature or concentration of CO₂ in the system. Variation in the crystallinity degree of the graphite hosted in the skarn minerals and in marble calcite, shown by Raman spectroscopy, would indicate that the graphite could have been formed from the ripening of organic matter present in the sedimentary rocks during the metamorphic-metasomatic event (Transamazonian Orogeny). In this sense, the increase of the organic carbon productivity in the oceans during the Palaeoproterozoic, represented by the “Lomagundi-Jatuli event”, would support this graphite origin and also the possible existence of a marine sedimentary basin in the previous stages of the Río de la Plata amalgamation (Siderian-Rhyacian), in the San Miguel area of the Tandilia Belt.     

二维码定位技术支持下的室内导航电子地图的设计与实现——以武汉大学图书馆为例

随着大型复杂公共室内空间逐渐增多,室内导航已成为当前基于位置服务（LBS）领域的研究热点。本研究结合空间定位技术和移动地图技术,设计和开发了一种面向复杂室内空间的导航电子地图,利用二维码技术进行准确的室内空间定位,并以武汉大学图书馆为样区,设计了一套面向复杂室内空间结构的位置编码规则。在此基础上,开发和实现了可提供图书馆室内定位与最优路径推送的手机端导航电子地图。     

Geology,fluid inclusions,and geochemistry of the Zhazixi Sb–W deposit,Hunan, South China

The Zhazixi Sb–W deposit in the Xuefeng uplift, South China, exhibits a unique metal association of W and Sb, where the W orebodies are hosted by interlayer fractures and the Sb orebodies are contained within NW-trending faults. This study proposes that the W and Sb mineralization took place in two separate periods. The mineral paragenesis of the W mineralization reveals a mass of quartz, scheelite and minor calcite. The mineral assemblage of the Sb mineralization developed after W mineralization and consists of predominantly quartz and stibnite, and small amounts of native Sb, berthierite, chalcostibnite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. Fluid inclusions in quartz and coexisting scheelite are dominated by two-phase, liquid-rich, aqueous inclusions at room temperature. Microthermometric studies suggest that ore-forming fluids for W mineralization are characterized by moderate temperatures (170–270 °C), low salinity (3–7 wt% NaCl equiv.), low density (0.75–0.95 g/cm³), and moderate to high pressure (57.2–99.7 MPa) and these fluids experienced a cooling and dilution evolution during W mineralization. Ore-forming fluids for Sb mineralization are epithermal types with low temperatures (150–230 °C), low salinity (4–6 wt% NaCl equiv.), moderate density (0.82–0.94 g/cm³), and high pressure (42.2–122.5 MPa) and these fluids display an evident decline in homogenization temperature during Sb mineralization. Laser Raman analyses of the vapor phase indicate that the ore-forming fluids for both W and Sb mineralization contain a small amount of CO₂.The ore-forming fluids for Sb mineralization are identified as predominantly originating from the continental crust, as suggested by the low ³He values (0.009 × 10⁻¹² cc.STP/g) and ³He/⁴He ratios (0.002–0.056 Ra) as well as high ³⁶Ar values (1.93 × 10⁻⁹ cc.STP/g) and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios (909.5–2279.7). The source of S is identified to be the Neoproterozoic Wuqiangxi Formation, as traced by the δ³⁴S_V-CDT values of stibnite (3.1–9.4‰). The ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (37.643–40.222), ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.456–15.681), and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (17.093–20.042) ratios suggest a mixture of lower crustal and supracrustal Pb sources.It is thus concluded that the ore genesis of the Zhazixi Sb–W deposit is related to the intracontinental orogeny during the early Mesozoic. Fluid mixing is considered to be the critical mechanism involved in W mineralization, whereas a fluid cooling process is responsible for Sb mineralization. Furthermore, the absence of Au is attributed to the low Σa_s content in Sb-mineralizing fluids.     

Constraints on the mineralization processes of the Makeng iron deposit,eastern China: Fluid inclusion,H–O isotope and magnetite trace element analysis

The Makeng iron deposit is located in the Yong’an-Meizhou depression belt in Fujian Province, eastern China. Both skarn alteration and iron mineralization are mainly hosted within middle Carboniferous-lower Permian limestone. Five paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been recognized: Stage 1, early skarn (andradite–grossular assemblage); Stage 2, magnetite mineralization (diopside–magnetite assemblage); Stage 3, late skarn (amphibole–chlorite–epidote–johannsenite–hedenbergite–magnetite assemblage); Stage 4, sulfide mineralization (quartz–calcite–fluorite–chlorite–pyrite–galena–sphalerite assemblage); and Stage 5, carbonate (quartz–calcite assemblage). Fluid inclusion studies were carried out on inclusions in diopside from Stage 2 and in quartz, calcite, and fluorite from Stage 4.Halite-bearing (Type 1) and coexisting two-phase vapor-rich aqueous (Type 3) inclusions in the magnetite stage display homogenization temperatures of 448–564 °C and 501–594 °C, respectively. Salinities range from 26.5 to 48.4 and 2.4 to 6.9 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Two-phase liquid-rich aqueous (Type 2b) inclusions in the sulfide stage yield homogenization temperatures and salinities of 182–343 °C and 1.9–20.1 wt% NaCl equivalent. These fluid inclusion data indicate that fluid boiling occurred during the magnetite stage and that fluid mixing took place during the sulfide stage. The former triggered the precipitation of magnetite, and the latter resulted in the deposition of Pb, Zn, and Fe sulfides. The fluids related to magnetite mineralization have δ¹⁸O_fluid-VSMOW of 6.7–9.6‰ and δD of −96 to −128‰, which are interpreted to indicate residual magmatic water from magma degassing. In contrast, the fluids related to the sulfide mineralization show δ¹⁸O_fluid-VSMOW of −0.85 to −1.04‰ and δD of −110 to −124‰, indicating that they were generated by the mixing of magmatic water with meteoric water. Magnetite grains from Stage 2 exhibit oscillatory zoning with compositional variations in major elements (e.g., SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, and MnO) from core to rim, which is interpreted as a self-organizing process rather than a dissolution-reprecipitation process. Magnetite from Stage 3 replaces or crosscuts early magnetite, suggesting that later hydrothermal fluid overprinted and caused dissolution and reprecipitation of Stage 2 magnetite. Trace element data (e.g., Ti, V, Ca, Al, and Mn) of magnetite from Stages 2 and 3 indicate a typical skarn origin.