新疆包古图斑岩铜矿矿床地质特征

新发现的包古图斑岩铜矿床位于准噶尔盆地西缘,达尔布特断裂以南的包古图地区。通过对 V 号主要赋矿岩体及钻孔岩心的野外和镜下观察,研究了矿体矿化情况、蚀变分带特征和矿石组合。对该矿床的流体包裹体分类研究表明,主成矿期成矿温度在180℃～450℃,包裹体的形成压力多在1～9MPa。由此得出的斑岩体的侵位深度在100～600m。黄铜矿和黄铁矿的δ~(34)S 变化范围分别是-2.4‰～-0.8‰和-2.7‰～ 0.7‰。对该矿床的初步研究认为,矿床是在埃达克质岩浆侵位到地壳浅部冷却成岩后,经历了两期含矿热液的作用而成矿的。早期形成 Cu、Fe、Mo、Zn 的硫化物矿物,可划分为4个成矿阶段;晚期形成 Cu-Te-Bi-Au-Ag 的复杂矿物组合。早期矿化形成的辉钼矿 Re-Os 年龄是310Ma。     

中国显生宙造山带麻粒岩相高级变质岩石的地质特征、变质时代、P-T轨迹及其形成的大地构造背景

本文重点介绍我国显生宙造山带中麻粒岩的地质特征、岩石类型、P-T轨迹、变质时代及其形成的大地构造背景。我国显生宙造山带主要包括阿尔泰造山带、南天山-西南天山造山带、西昆仑造山带、东昆仑造山带、阿尔金-柴北缘造山带、北秦岭造山带、南秦岭勉略造山带、东秦岭-桐柏-大别造山带、班公湖-怒江造山带和喜马拉雅中东段造山带。这些造山带中麻粒岩的围岩有许多为蛇绿岩套或蛇绿混杂岩带,部分为副片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩,并一起经历了麻粒岩相变质改造,造山带中大多出现一种高压麻粒岩,有的与榴辉岩并存,但少数造山带中(例如阿尔泰造山带)多种压力类型麻粒岩并存,既有低-高压泥质麻粒岩、中低压基性麻粒岩、高压基性和长英质麻粒岩,又有高温-超高温泥质麻粒岩。变质时代除个别为新元古代晚期外,变质时间多为加里东、海西、印支、燕山、喜山期。麻粒岩的P-T轨迹除西天山木札尔特河低压麻粒岩具逆时针轨迹,反映大陆弧构造环境外,其它都是具有等温降压(ITC)特点的顺时针轨迹,形成的大地构造环境大部分为洋陆俯冲碰撞环境,少部分为陆-陆碰撞环境。目前显生宙造山带中麻粒岩的研究大多数尚在起步阶段,少数研究较详细,不少造山带中麻粒岩的类型和变质时代以及形成的构造背景还不清楚,有待深入研究,新的麻粒岩产地有待发现。     

密度孔压静力触探的测试理论和工程应用综述

孔压静力触探试验(CPTU)是目前使用最为广泛的原位测试方法之一,但CPTU不能原位测量土体最基本的指标——密度。密度孔压静力触探试验(DCPTU)是把核子密度仪结合到孔压静力触探系统中,贯入过程中可以同时测量锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力、孔隙水压力和密度的一种新型原位测试方法。本文首先介绍了DCPTU的试验装置和密度测试理论;然后通过与室内试验结果对比评价了利用DCPTU测量砂土、黏土、填土地层以及海底淤泥的密度的可靠性,分析了非均质地层中DCPTU测量密度与真实密度的区别、并提出了真实密度剖面的推求方法;然后综述了DCPTU在判别软弱夹层、评价砂土的液化势、检验地基处理效果、检测块状填土中的空隙、调查浮泥层的厚度和密度分布等方面的工程应用;最后展望了DCPTU在工程勘察中的发展趋势和应用前景。     

吸力路径对非饱和土力学性质的影响

基质吸力的存在使得土的工程性状变得十分复杂.非饱和土的力学性质,不仅受基质吸力及竖向荷载等应力状态的影响,吸力路径也起着不可忽视的作用.为了探讨不同吸力路径对非饱和土应力-应变关系和强度的影响,采用非饱和土直剪仪对不同吸力路径固结平衡的非饱和土样进行直剪试验,获得其固结量及应力-应变关系,得到了不同吸力路径对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响规律.试验结果表明:在相同的竖向荷载条件下,非饱和土的抗剪强度随着吸力的增加明显增大.在相同吸力及竖向荷载条件下,经历过较高吸力历史的试样固结量和前期剪切强度明显增大.     

Hydrothermal alteration and fluid inclusion study of the Lower Cretaceous porphyry Cu–Au deposit of Tiámaro, Michoacán, Mexico

The Tiámaro deposit in Michoacán state has been dated as Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian), though most of the porphyry deposits in central Mexico were dated or have an attributed Eocene–Oligocene age. The host rocks belong to a volcanoplutonic complex overlain by red conglomerates. These rocks were intruded by pre-Valanginian plutonic and hypabissal rocks. Propylitic, phyllic, and argillic alteration assemblages developed, and their superimposition draws the evolution of the deposit. Stage I is represented by propylitic assemblages, stage II contains the main ore forming stockworks and both phyllic and argillic assemblages, and stage III contains late carbonatization assemblages. The obtained temperatures and salinities from inclusion fluids are low for a porphyry-type deposit, but we interpret that the known part of the deposit represents the shallow portion of a bigger deposit. The evolution of mineralizing fluids draws a dilution trend of brines from “porphyry-like” to “epithermal-like” stages. The richest ore zone is roughly located between the 300 and 350 °C isotherms, though unnoticed resources may occur at depth.     

Stable carbon isotopic ratios of CH4-CO2-bearing fluid inclusions in fracture-fill mineralization from the Lower Saxony Basin (Germany) - A tool for tracing gas sources and maturity

The stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ¹³C) of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) of gas-rich fluid inclusions hosted in fracture-fill mineralization from the southern part of the Lower Saxony Basin, Germany have been measured online using a crushing device interfaced to an isotopic ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The data reveal that CH₄ trapped in inclusions seems to be derived from different source rocks with different organic matter types. The δ¹³C values of CH₄ in inclusions in quartz hosted by Carboniferous rocks range between −25 and −19‰, suggesting high-maturity coals as the source of methane. Methane in fluid inclusions in minerals hosted by Mesozoic strata has more negative carbon isotope ratios (−45 to −31‰) and appears to represent primary cracking products from type II kerogens, i.e., marine shales. There is a positive correlation between increasing homogenization temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions and less negative δ¹³C(CH₄) values of in co-genetic gas inclusions probably indicating different mtaturity of the potential source rocks at the time the fluids were released. The CO₂ isotopic composition of CH₄-CO₂-bearing inclusions shows slight negative or even positive δ¹³C values indicating an inorganic source (e.g., water-rock interaction and dissolution of detrital, marine calcite) for CO₂ in inclusions. We conclude that the δ¹³C isotopic ratios of CH₄-CO₂-bearing fluid inclusions can be used to trace migration pathways, sources of gases, and alteration processes. Furthermore, the δ¹³C values of methane can be used to estimate the maturity of the rocks from which it was sourced. Results presented here are further supported by organic geochemical analysis of surface bitumens which coexist with the gas inclusion-rich fracture-fill mineralization and confirm the isotopic interpretations with respect to fluid source, type and maturity.     

Monitoring the TOPEX and Jason-1 Microwave Radiometers with GPS and VLBI Wet Zenith Path Delays

Monitoring of altimeter microwave radiometer measurements is necessary in order to identify radiometer drifts or offsets that if uncorrected will introduce systematic errors into ocean height measurements. To examine TOPEX Microwave Radiometer (TMR) and Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR) behavior, we have used coincident wet zenith delay estimates from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic sites near altimeter ground tracks. We derived a TMR path delay drift rate of -1.1 ± 0.1 mm/yr using GPS data for the period from 1993.0-1999.0 and -1.2 ± 0.5 mm/yr using VLBI data. Thereafter, the drift appears to have leveled off. Already after 2.3 years (82 cycles) of the Jason-1 mission, it is clear that there have been significant systematic errors in the JMR path delay measurements. From comparison with GPS wet delays, there is an offset of -5.2 ± 0.6 mm at about cycle 30 and a more abrupt offset of -11.5 ± 0.8 mm at cycle 69. If we look at the behavior of the JMR coldest brightness temperatures, we see that the offsets near cycle 30 and cycle 69 are mainly caused by corresponding offsets in the 23.8 GHz channel of -0.49 ± 0.12 K and -1.18 ± 0.13 K, although there is a small 34.0 GHz offset at cycle 69 of 0.75 ± 0.22 K. Drifts in the 18.0 and 34.0 GHz channels produce a small path delay drift of 0.3 ± 0.5 mm/yr.     

路径优化算法在外卖配送中的应用

在物流行业特别是外卖配送行业中,配送员希望经过餐厅点与客户点的路线尽可能短,且各目的地之间的访问存在顺序限制等特点,本文提出一种具有顺序限制的路径优化算法。该算法首先基于最邻近算法产生初始路径,然后使用LK算法进行优化,最后依据问题特点,使用末端-2-opt方法进行二次优化。试验结果表明,算法能有效缩短初始路径长度,提供较为优良的可行路径,能够有效提升配送员的工作效率,具有一定的实用价值。     

东喜马拉雅构造结石榴角闪岩变质作用P-T-t轨迹:相平衡模拟与锆石年代学

东喜马拉雅构造结南迦巴瓦杂岩由多种类型的高级变质岩组成,包括片岩、片麻岩、大理岩、石榴角闪岩和基性麻粒岩。石榴角闪岩呈透镜状产出在片麻岩中,可见不连续分布的规模不等的浅色体。石榴角闪岩由石榴石、角闪石、黑云母、斜长石、石英、金红石、钛铁矿和榍石组成,石榴石变斑晶可见由浅色矿物组成的"白眼圈"。岩相学、矿物化学和相平衡模拟表明石榴角闪岩经历了一条顺时针型的P-T演化轨迹,可划分为两个阶段:(Ⅰ)升温升压的进变质阶段,由石榴石和斜长石斑晶记录,峰期矿物组合为石榴石+角闪石+黑云母+斜长石+石英+金红石+钛铁矿。运用石榴石变斑晶边部和斜长石变斑晶边部成分在视剖面图上的投点确定出峰期温压条件为~11.5kbar、790℃,达到了高压麻粒岩相条件,并经历了部分熔融,产生至少9%的熔体;(Ⅱ)降温降压的退变质阶段,由石榴石边部"白眼圈"冠状体记录。运用平均温压法计算冠状体中黑云母+斜长石+角闪石+石榴石组合的形成温压条件为~7kbar、~750℃。该阶段金红石消失,熔体结晶,并与早期矿物发生回反应。在石榴石角闪岩的锆石中获得了从29.2Ma到10.2Ma的连续变质年龄。由于锆石通常在熔体结晶过程中生长,因此确定该组年龄代表石榴石角闪岩退变质年龄。本文和以前的研究结果表明,南迦巴瓦杂岩中的高温和中温麻粒岩相亚单元具有相似的降温降压P-T轨迹,但高温单元具有较高的变质压力条件,表明其俯冲到了更大的深度。     

快速移动的0510号热带风暴"珊瑚"路径及对深圳降水影响的分析

从天气形势、雷达回波和卫星云图特征对2005年第10号热带风暴“珊瑚”的移动路径和对深圳降水的影响进行了详细的分析．结果表明：副热带高压的演变，对热带气旋的移动路径尤其是路径的转向影响很大，副高的增强、减弱是热带气旋发生转向的重要条件；螺旋云带的变化通常能表明热带气旋未来的移动及其强度变化，眉状云带是热带气旋北上的重要特征云系；“珊瑚”在登陆前后西侧云系迅速减弱，以及登陆后加速北上，深圳没有转吹南风，是导致深圳没有出现暴雨的主要原因．