Occurrence of pockmarks on the Ortegal Spur continental margin,Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

A total of 445 pockmarks were observed on the upper continental slope of the northwest corner of the Iberian Peninsula (the Ortegal Spur area) by swath bathymetric and ultrahigh resolution seismic data. The pockmarks are U-, V- and W-shaped and have terraces or indentations in cross-section, and are dish-shaped (circular to oval) in plan view. They occur on the surface of the seabed and buried within the Plio-Quaternary and Neogene sediments. Four types of pockmarks were identified and mapped on the basis of their plan-view and cross-section morphology: regular, irregular, asymmetric and composite. The concentration of pockmarks is attributed to seepage of fluids migrating up-dip from deeper parts of the sedimentary basin. A linear high-density concentration with a NNW to N, NE and ESE trend of pockmarks is observed above inferred basement faults that do not affect the Quaternary succession. These pockmarks are thus caused by seepage of thermogenic gas and/or other pore fluids from deeper Late Cretaceous units, and their distribution may help to improve our understanding of the fluid system and migration regime in this part of the Galicia continental margin.     

A predictive numerical model for potential mapping of the gas hydrate stability zone in the Gulf of Cadiz

This paper presents a computational model for mapping the regional 3D distribution in which seafloor gas hydrates would be stable, that is carried out in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. The construction of the model is comprised of three primary steps, namely: (1) the construction of surfaces for the various variables based on available 3D data (seafloor temperature, geothermal gradient and depth-pressure); (2) the calculation of the gas function equilibrium functions for the various hydrocarbon compositions reported from hydrate and sediment samples; and (3) the calculation of the thickness of the hydrate stability zone. The solution is based on a transcendental function, which is solved iteratively in a GIS environment.The model has been applied in the northernmost continental slope of the Gulf of Cadiz, an area where an abundant supply for hydrate formation, such as extensive hydrocarbon seeps, diapirs and fault structures, is combined with deep undercurrents and a complex seafloor morphology. In the Gulf of Cadiz, the model depicts the distribution of the base of the gas hydrate stability zone for both biogenic and thermogenic gas compositions, and explains the geometry and distribution of geological structures derived from gas venting in the Tasyo Field (Gulf of Cadiz) and the generation of BSR levels on the upper continental slope.     

湘东桐木山云英岩型锡矿床锡石及共生石英中流体包裹体研究

桐木山云英岩型锡矿床是湘东锡田锡多金属矿田中一个典型矿床,在详尽的野外考察、矿石结构观察以及流体包裹体岩相学研究的基础上,采用流体包裹体组合的研究方法,利用冷热台、激光拉曼等测试手段,对矿床中锡石中流体包裹体进行直接测定,同时开展与锡石共生的石英及切割矿体的后期石英脉石英中流体包裹体对比研究.结果显示,锡石中流体包裹体...     

试论大厂锡多金属矿田矿化蚀变分带特征

大厂矿田矿化蚀变分带特征十分明显, 在水平方向, 整个矿田可分为西、中、东３ 个矿带。西、东矿带主要产出锡石—硫化物型矿床, 围岩蚀变类型主要有硅化、钾长石化、电气石化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化等。中矿带主要分布矽卡岩型锌铜硫化物矿床, 并有锑钨石英脉型矿床叠加其上。整个矿田矿化蚀变分带又具明显的不对称性, 并且每一种矿化类型又表现出各自的分带特点。大厂矿田的总体矿化蚀变分带特征与传统的顺向或逆向分带不同, 反映了多成因、多期次叠加成矿及蚀变的特点     

柴达木盆地北缘冷湖七号构造油气成藏过程与模式

本文在对冷湖七号油气成藏条件综合分析的基础上,依据构造发育史与烃源岩生、排烃史,结合流体包裹体均一温度,分析了冷湖七号构造油气藏形成期次和过程,总结了东、西2个构造高点的油气成藏模式。研究结果表明:①冷七1井N12层包裹体主要为含烃盐水包裹体和气态烃有机包裹体,其均一温度明显分为60~70℃和110~130℃两个峰值区,对应地质时间分别为N21—N22时期和N2末—现今。结合源岩生、排烃史和构造演化史分析表明N12—N22时期为冷湖七号油气成藏的主要时期;②冷湖七号东高点N21气藏形成机理与模式为:断控同生隆起—单源供烃—不整合、断裂输导—浮力驱动—次生型断裂遮挡油气成藏模式;西高点E3油藏形成机理与模式为:同生隆起—双源供烃—不整合、断裂输导—浮力驱动—残留型原生油藏成藏模式。     

Silurian and Devonian systems

The Ediacara mineral field is situated 30 km W of Beltana on the western margins of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, and consists of silver‐lead and copper deposits in lower Cambrian carbonate rocks that contain anomalous base‐metal contents throughout the Adelaide Geosyncline. The lower Cambrian rocks, which consist of the basal Parachilna Formation and overlying Ajax Limestone, rest disconformably on the Precambrian, and at Ediacara occupy a shallow N‐S elongate syncline near the hinge zone of the Adelaide Geosyncline. The main primary ore minerals of the silver‐lead mineralization are galena and pyrite, with very minor chalcopyrite and sphalerite, and rare tetrahedrite and pearceite. The gangue consists mainly of silica (both chalcedony and quartz), with minor dolomite and rare barite. The mineralization is stratabound and occurs in conformable zones, the lowest of which commences about 30–50 m above the base of the Cambrian sequence. The host to the silver‐lead mineralization, the Ajax Limestone, can be subdivided into three units which represent a set of lithologies, structures and organic traces indicative of a shallow near‐shore carbonate environment. The silver‐lead mineralization is mainly present in sandy and laminated dolomites which were deposited in an environment ranging from sub‐tidal to bar and channel and tidal flat, respectively. Four types of mineralization have been recognized; disseminated sulphides of syngenetic and/or diagenetic origin and epigenetic concentrations along stylolites, in veins and as breccia fillings. Post‐depositional solution activity has affected a large proportion of the carbonate sequence. The effects of this activity range from stylolites through stylobreccias to solution collapse breccias. The epigenetic concentrations of mineralizations have apparently been formed by the remobilization of the disseminated sulphides during solution activity. The ore and gangue minerals of the epigenetic mineralization display both euhedral forms and distinct colloform banding, and framboidal textures have also been observed in both pyrite and galena. There is evidence of repeated episodic precipitation and no simple paragenetic sequence can be recognized. Fluid inclusions in silica and dolomite associated with the epigenetic mineralization have homogenization temperatures of 159 to 199°C and freezing temperatures that indicate the fluids to be saline brines containing NaCl with CaCl₂ and/or MgCl₂. Sulphur isotope analyses show a range of 8³⁴S values from ‐12.5 to +8.6 per mil, with no evidence of significant differences between the four types of mineralization. The data suggest deposition of the disseminated sulphides as a result of biological reduction of seawater sulphate in a system partially open with respect to sulphate supply. Subsequent remobilization of sulphides apparently involved little or no sulphur isotope fractionation. The Ediacara silver‐lead deposits have many features in common with Mississippi Valley‐type lead‐zinc deposits and appear to have similarities in terms of genesis, in that the epigenetic mineralization has been formed as a result of post‐depositional solution activity during diagenesis in a sedimentary basin. The scale of transport of the metals deposited as the epigenetic mineralization at Ediacara appears, however, to have been very much less than that of the metals in other Mississippi Valley‐type deposits.     

Element mobility during continental collision: insights from polymineralic metamorphic vein within UHP eclogite in the Dabie orogen

Metamorphic dehydration and partial melting are two important processes during continental collision. They have significant bearing on element transport at the slab interface under subduction‐zone P–T conditions. Petrological and geochemical insights into the two processes are provided by a comprehensive study of leucocratic veins in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks. This is exemplified by this study of a polymineralic vein within phengite‐bearing UHP eclogite in the Dabie orogen. The vein is primarily composed of quartz, kyanite, epidote and phengite, with minor accessory minerals such as garnet, rutile and zircon. Primary multiphase solid inclusions occur in garnet and epidote from the both vein and host eclogite. They are composed of quartz ± K‐feldspar ± plagioclase ± K‐bearing glass and exhibit irregular to negative crystal shapes that are surrounded by weak radial cracks. This suggests their precipitation from solute‐rich metamorphic fluid/melt that involved the reaction of phengite breakdown. Zircon U–Pb dating for the vein gave two groups of concordant ages at 217 ± 2 and 210 ± 2 Ma, indicating two episodes of zircon growth in the Late Triassic. The same minerals from the two rocks give consistent δ¹⁸O and δD values, suggesting that the vein‐forming fluid was directly derived from the host UHP eclogite. The vein is much richer in phengite and epidote than the host eclogite, suggesting that the fluid is associated with remarkable concentration of such water‐soluble elements as LILE and LREE migration. Garnet and rutile in the vein exhibit much higher contents of HREE (2.2–5.7 times) and Nb–Ta (1.8–2.0 times) than those in the eclogite, indicating that these normally water‐insoluble elements became mobile and then were sunken in the vein minerals. Thus, the vein‐forming agent would be primarily composed of the UHP aqueous fluid with minor amounts of the hydrous melt, which may even become a supercritical fluid to have a capacity to transport not only LILE and LREE but also HREE and HFSE at subduction‐zone metamorphic conditions. Taken together, significant amounts of trace elements were transported by the vein‐forming fluid due to the phengite breakdown inside the UHP eclogite during exhumation of the deeply subducted continental crust.     

利用U—1000型激光拉曼探针测定流体包裹体气体成分的研究

本文利用U－1000型激光拉曼探针成功地测量出单个流体包裹体中H2S、CH4、CO2气体成分，并讨论了包裹体中这些气体的拉曼谱峰位移与包裹体内压的关系，分析了影响激光拉曼探针定量测定包裹体气相成分的取面积和拉曼定量因子因素。     

河北省峪耳崖金矿床地质地球化学特征

本文从地质地球化学角度对峪耳崖金矿床进行了详细研究,认为该金矿是典型的岩浆热浪型脉状金矿床,金矿与峪耳崖花岗岩(即矿床的主要围岩)为同源岩浆作用的产物,而其源岩物质可能来自深部地壳。黄铁矿中Co/Ni比为1.58,石英中La/Yb比为2.95,δ~(34)S_∑为+2.6‰,δ~(13)O水为+7.03‰,δD为-88.4‰,δ~(13)C为-4.18‰,成矿温度为305～343℃,pH为6.2～6.8,石英包裹体成分中Cl~->F~-、Na~+>K~+,金可能是以Na[AuCl_2],Na[Aucl_4]或Na[AuS]等络合物形式迁移。     

西藏羊八井地热田水热蚀变

本文对羊八井地热田钻扎ZK-201、ZK-301和ZK-308的岩心进行了较系统的蚀变矿物学、岩石学和流体包体研究。划分出6个蚀变矿物共生组合及蚀变分带,讨论了蚀变过程中岩石化学变化的特点,并推测了蚀变的温度和酸碱度条件。研究表明,热田曾处于极度的活动状态,最高温度达220-240℃,由于冷水的入侵,热田在目前钻探所及范围已冷却了50-70℃。蚀变矿物分布模式表明,目前热田流体主通道位于北部,热田进一步的开发应以寻找北部深部高温流体为主。