利用流式细胞仪计数微型浮游生物的方法

微型浮游生物(细胞粒径20μm)在水生生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着重要的作用,对其丰度的准确测定是进一步研究微型浮游生物在不同水生生态系统中作用的重要基础.相对于传统的显微镜检测技术,流式细胞术不仅具有分析速度快、灵敏度和准确度高等优点,而且可以同时测量单个细胞的多个生理参数.不同类型微型浮游生物流式细胞术的应用原理是不同的.对于自养型浮游藻类,主要根据藻体内色素的自发荧光对其进行分辨和计数;而对于异养型细菌、原生动物及浮游病毒等,还需借助外源荧光染料对细胞核酸染色后再进行分析.目前流式细胞术已成为浮游藻类和异养细菌丰度检测的常规方法,但是,由于原生动物具有更大的细胞体积且在自然水体中丰度较低;而浮游病毒粒径又太小,甚至低于光源激发波长,因此流式细胞术应用一直受到限制,直到近10年来才有相关报道.本文对运用流式细胞术计数浮游藻类、浮游细菌、原生动物和浮游病毒的具体原理、方法和进展进行综述,并对流式细胞仪在未来水生微生物学领域的应用进行展望.     

浅水无定位拖缆观测系统定义及多次波压制效果分析

浅水无定位拖缆在近岸海洋工程及浅水多道地震勘探中应用广泛,但受无定位拖缆实际位置获取的限制,野外观测系统准确定义受影响.基于传统直线假设的观测系统定义简单易行,但计算的共反射点面元无法获得实际坐标,位置偏差较大,严重影响后续处理方法的有效应用.基于实际炮点轨迹坐标,本文提出了一种新的无定位拖缆实际坐标计算方法,新方法首先确定接收排列的相对空间位置,采用反距离比线性插值算法准确计算接收道实际坐标值,再根据实际坐标重新定义观测系统,获得了实际跑航弯曲测线观测系统图.文中对传统方法与新方法定义的不同观测系统数据,分别采用SRME（Surface-related Multiple Elimination）方法压制浅水海底鸣震类自由表面相关多次波,结果显示采用新方法定义的观测系统反射数据多次波衰减效果明显,有效反射连续,基底反射成像清晰,说明文中实际坐标计算方法符合海上弯曲测线观测系统的定义,提高了SRME方法压制多次波的效果.

     

Geomorphic response of the Jingjiang Reach to the Three Gorges Project operation

Upstream damming often causes significant downstream geomorphic adjustments. Remarkable channel changes have occurred in the Jingjiang Reach of the Middle Yangtze River, since the onset of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). Therefore, it is important to investigate the variations in different fluvial variables, for better understanding of the channel evolution characteristics as an example of the Jingjiang Reach. Recent geomorphic adjustments in the study reach have been investigated quantitatively, including variations in sediment rating curve, fluvial erosion intensity, channel deformation volume and bankfull channel geometry. These fluvial variables adjusted in varying degrees in response to the altered flow and sediment regime caused by the TGP operation. A focus of this study has been especially on variation in the bankfull channel geometry. Calculated bankfull dimensions at section‐ and reach‐scale indicate that: (i) there were significant bank‐erosion processes in local regions without bank‐protection engineering, with empirical relations being developed to reproduce the variation in bankfull widths at four typical sections; (ii) the variation in the reach‐scale channel geometry occurred mainly in the component of bankfull depth, owing to the construction of large‐scale bank‐revetment works, with the depth increasing from 13.7 m in 2002 to 15.0 m in 2014, and with an increase in the corresponding bankfull area of about 11%; and (iii) the reach‐scale bankfull channel dimensions responded to the previous 5‐year average fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons at Zhicheng, with higher correlations for the depth and area being obtained when calibrated by the measurements in 2002–2012. Furthermore, these relations developed for the section‐ and reach‐scale bankfull channel geometry were also verified by the observed data in 2013–2014, with encouraging results being obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of peak streamflows through channel geometry / Estimation de pics de débit fluviatiles à l'aide de la géométrie des cours d'eau

Abstract

Knowledge of peak discharge is essential for safe and economical planning and design of hydraulic structures. In India, as in most developing countries, the majority of river basins are either sparsely gauged or not gauged at all. The gauged records are also of short length (generally 15–30 years), therefore development of robust models is necessary for estimation of streamflows. Various studies reveal that flood estimation through channel geometry is an alternative method for ungauged catchments. It is appropriate for use where flow characteristics are poorly related to catchment area and other catchment characteristics. In the present study, stream geometry parameters for 42 river sites in central-south India were used; calibration equations were developed with data for 35 stations and tested on data for the remaining seven stations. The relationships developed between mean discharge and channel geometry parameters provide an alternative technique for estimation of mean annual channel discharge.     

A Formal Theory for Vortex Rossby Waves and Vortex Evolution

A formal theory is presented for the balanced evolution of a small-amplitude, small-scale wave field in the presence of an axisymmetric vortex initially in gradient-wind balance and the accompanying changes induced in the vortex by the azimuthally averaged wave fluxes. The theory is a multi-parameter, asymptotic perturbation expansion for the conservative, rotating, f-plane, shallow-water equations. It extends previous work on Rossby-wave dynamics in vortices and more generally provides a new perspective on wave/mean-flow interaction in finite Rossby-number regimes. Some illustrative solutions are presented for a perturbed vortex undergoing axisymmetrization.     

Flow structure over a wavy bed with vegetation cover

On the basis of experiments carried out in flume with a wavy bed with vegetation cover, flow velocity, turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress distributions are investigated. The wavy bed was similar to dune in this study. The fixed artificial dunes were constructed over the bed and artificial vegetation put over them in a laboratory flume. An Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter and spatially-averaged method were applied to determine turbulent flow components and shear velocity. Results were compared with a gravel bedform. It was observed that vegetation cover influences considerably the flow structure and displays clearly the flow separation and reattachment point. The law of the wall was not valid within the vegetation cover, but it was fitted well to the zone above the vegetation cover within the inner layer. For a wavy bed having the same dimensions, shear velocity and friction factor over vegetation cover are 1.7 and 2.6 times of those for the gravel bedform, respectively. The results of laboratory study were compared with those of river study.     

场地地震动局部地形效应研究进展

本文对地震动地形效应的影响因素及其规律进行了阐述和分析.主要对局部地形几何形状,入射波的入射角度、频率,震源相对位置及震源深度等因素对地形效应影响的国内外研究现状进行了综述.同时,介绍了地震数值模拟在地震动地形效应研究中的应用,并对进一步研究提出了一些建议.     

Numerical modeling of scour and deposition around permeable cylindrical structures

Flow past wall-mounted cylindrical structures is commonly encountered in natural rivers where piers of bridge crossings or vegetation stalks are common within channels.In the current study,the influence of cylindrical structures on flow/bathymetric alterations for three different permeabilities is explored via two-dimensional numerical modeling.In model construction processes,the structure permeability is varied with the surface void ratio along the perimeter of the cylinder,i.e.the density of e...     

Experimental study on flow pattern and sediment transportation at a 90°open-channel confluence

In this paper,the evolutions of flow pattern and sediment transportation at a 90° open-channel confluence with different discharge ratios (q*) of the tributary flow to the total flow were studied.The e...     

复杂场源形态的海洋可控源电磁三维正演

在使用电偶极发射源的可控源电磁法(CSEM)勘探中,发射源的方位、长度、形状等对观测数据有重要的影响,然而现有的大部分三维数值模拟方法没有全面地将这些因素考虑进来,很多都只能应对非常简单的场源形态,例如单一方位的点电偶极子,这有可能显著降低模拟结果的准确性.本文实现了基于交错网格有限体积(FV)离散的海洋CSEM三维正演算法,能够模拟形态相对复杂的场源,包括任意方位的有限长直导线和弯曲导线发射源.该算法使用一次场/二次场方法,只需对二次场使用FV法求解,避免了场源的奇异性问题;一次场的计算为一维正演问题,使用准解析法求解,并且只要在计算一次场时考虑复杂的场源形态便可以实现同样场源的三维正演.通过与一维理论模型的解析解对比验证了三维程序的准确性,并针对三维理论模型进行了一系列正演测试,初步考察了场源形态对三维正演结果的影响.