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11.
The dynamics and thermodynamics of large ash flows 总被引:6,自引:6,他引:0
Ash flow deposits, containing up to 1000 km3 of material, have been produced by some of the largest volcanic eruptions known. Ash flows propagate several tens of kilometres
from their source vents, produce extensive blankets of ash and are able to surmount topographic barriers hundreds of metres
high. We present and test a new model of the motion of such flows as they propagate over a near horizontal surface from a
collapsing fountain above a volcanic vent. The model predicts that for a given eruption rate, either a slow (10–100 m/s) and
deep (1000–3000 m) subcritical flow or a fast (100–200 m/s) and shallow (500–1000 m) supercritical flow may develop. Subcritical
ash flows propagate with a nearly constant volume flux, whereas supercritical flows entrain air and become progressively more
voluminous. The run-out distance of such ash flows is controlled largely by the mass of air mixed into the collapsing fountain,
the degree of fragmentation and the associated rate of loss of material into an underlying concentrated depositional system,
and the mass eruption rate. However, in supercritical flows, the continued entrainment of air exerts a further important control
on the flow evolution. Model predictions show that the run-out distance decreases with the mass of air entrained into the
flow. Also, the mass of ash which may ascend from the flow into a buoyant coignimbrite cloud increases as more air is entrained
into the flow. As a result, supercritical ash flows typically have shorter runout distances and more ash is elutriated into
the associated coignimbrite eruption columns. We also show that one-dimensional, channellized ash flows typically propagate
further than their radially spreading counterparts.
As a Plinian eruption proceeds, the erupted mass flux often increases, leading to column collapse and the formation of pumiceous
ash flows. Near the critical conditions for eruption column collapse, the flows are shed from high fountains which entrain
large quantities of air per unit mass. Our model suggests that this will lead to relatively short ash flows with much of the
erupted material being elutriated into the coignimbrite column. However, if the mass flux subseqently increases, then less
air per unit mass is entrained into the collapsing fountain, and progressively larger flows, which propagate further from
the vent, will develop.
Our model is consistent with observations of a number of pyroclastic flow deposits, including the 1912 eruption of Katmai
and the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo. The model suggests that many extensive flow sheets were emplaced from eruptions with mass
fluxes of 109–1010 kg/s over periods of 103–105 s, and that some indicators of flow "mobility" may need to be reinterpreted. Furthermore, in accordance with observations,
the model predicts that the coignimbrite eruption columns produced from such ash flows rose between 20 and 40 km.
Received: 25 August 1995 / Accepted: 3 April 1996 相似文献
12.
A. López Valdivieso A.A. Sánchez López C. Ojeda Escamilla M.C. Fuerstenau 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006
The role of pH and pulp redox potential (EH) to control the flotation and depression of arsenopyrite has been investigated through studies on microflotation of arsenopyrite crystals and batch flotation of an arsenopyritic ore using isopropyl xanthate as collector. The transition between flotation and depression of arsenopyrite is established by the reversible potential of the xanthate/dixanthogen couple. Adsorption of arsenate ions on ferric hydroxide has been studied through electrokinetics to delineate mechanisms involved in the depression of arsenopyrite using oxidants. Chemical binding between arsenate species and ferric hydroxide sites on arsenopyrite is suggested as the mechanism responsible for depression of arsenopyrite. EH conditions are given for the flotation and depression of arsenopyite at various pH values for the arsenopyritic ore. 相似文献
13.
A robust and reliable sensor to measure gas (air) superficial velocity (Jg) continuously in flotation systems is introduced. It is based on the sampling of bubbles by buoyancy with the accumulating air allowed to exit through an orifice. At steady state, pressure drop is measured and related to the Jg by prior calibration. The continuous device is readily automated and extended to a multi-unit set-up. The sensor and data collections are described. The governing gas flow equation and models of the dynamic response to air flow rate set point change and fluctuations in froth depth are derived. Model predictions are confirmed against plant data. By taking a moving average, the Jg remains valid in the face of typical plant disturbances. 相似文献
14.
Daily zenith scattered light intensity observations were carried out in the morning twilight hours using home-made UV-visible
spectrometer over the tropical station Pune (18‡31′, 73‡51′) for the years 2000–2003. These observations are obtained in the
spectral range 462–498 nm for the solar zenith angles (SZAs) varying from 87‡ to 91.5‡. An algorithm has been developed to
retrieve vertical profiles of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from ground-based measurements using the Chahine iteration method. This retrieval method has been checked using measured
and recalculated slant column densities (SCDs) and they are found to be well matching. O3 and NO2 vertical profiles have been retrieved using a set of their air mass factors (AMFs) and SCDs measured over a range of 87–91.5‡
SZA during the morning. The vertical profiles obtained by this method are compared with Umkehr profiles and ozonesondes and
they are found to be in good agreement. The bulk of the column density is found near layer 20–25 km. Daily total column densities
(TCDs) of O3 and NO2 along with their stratospheric and tropospheric counterparts are derived using their vertical profiles for the period 2000–2003.
The total column, stratospheric column and tropospheric column amounts of both trace gases are found to be maximum in summer
and minimum in the winter season. Increasing trend is found in column density of NO2 in stratospheric, tropospheric and surface layers, but no trend is observed in O3 columns for above layers during the period 2000–2003 相似文献
15.
刘桥一矿陷落柱发育规律及含水性研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据刘桥一矿1971年建井至今发现的8个陷落柱实际资料,通过对揭露陷落柱的地质、水文地质及分布特征的分析,阐述了陷落柱发育的根基所在,对陷落柱发育规律及成因进行了探讨,对于含水陷落柱的注浆封堵、留设保护煤岩柱,以及本矿矿井的深部开采都具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
16.
考虑轴向变形、双轴弯曲耦合效应的钢筋混凝土柱的弹塑性分析 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
在实际地震作用下,高层,特别是高宽比较大的高层结构中,由于倾覆力矩的作用、柱子、特别是外边柱所受轴力的变化将不可忽略。轴向变形与双轴弯曲的耦合作用,将是柱子塑性变形的显著特征。基于材料本构关系的“纤维模型”,能较精确地反映轴向变形,双轴弯曲三者之间的耦合作用。一组钢筋混凝土柱子双轴压弯的计算结果与试验结果的比较,证明了“纤维模型”的有效性和精确性。 相似文献
17.
南京地区新近沉积土的动剪切模量和阻尼比的初步研究 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
本文通过对南京地区两个工程场地漫滩相成因的砂土和淤泥质粉粘土与粉砂互层土的自振动柱试验结果进行分析,探讨了围压对剪切模量G及阻力比λ的影响,通过与Seed和Idriss建议的砂土G/Gmax-γ和λ-γ曲线变化范围的对比,认为不能简单地把淤泥质粉质粘土与粉砂层土当作砂土或粉质粘土对待。 相似文献
18.
19.
本文研究了以cHCl=8mol·L-1盐酸为移动相,以聚四氟乙烯负载的钽试剂-CHCl3为固定相反相萃取层析钛(Ⅳ)的新体系,柱上层析的钛用cHCl=3mol·L-1盐酸洗脱后经二安替比林甲烷光度法测定,不仅钛回收率可达100%,并可使钛(Ⅳ)与多种离子分离。能用于矿物岩石类复杂样品及其他物质中钛的分离富集与测定,方法简便快速。 相似文献
20.