新疆西天山乌拉斯泰地区新发现中泥盆世裂陷槽

西天山乌拉斯泰地区的中泥盆世沉积被定名为汗吉尕组,过去认为它属于滨-浅海相,近年笔者在该地层中发现了大量的枕状玄武岩及其相伴的深水槽谷型沉积,改变了过去的认识。     

江西致洪暴雨天气特征分析与流域洪涝预报研究

在对1959～1990年的资料进行大量普查分析和统计的基础上,指出对流层中低层形势特征在江西致洪暴雨中的特殊重要性,分析了各个天气系统对形成致洪暴雨的作用,并根据中低层天气形势特征来分型建立致洪暴雨的预报模式。应用水文上降水产生流量过程线的变化原理,提出了仅用降水资料来推算流域洪涝指数,用量化指标来预报未来流域洪涝强度的研究思路和方法。该方法思路是利用流域内测站雨量计算出流域的有效综合面雨量(考虑了前一段时间内的逐日流域面雨量的不同贡献)。复核流量(或水位)等洪涝资料与流域有效综合面雨量的关系,最终确定出各级洪涝指数的流域有效综合面雨量的大小,确定洪涝等级。     

IMPACT OF DEBRIS FLOW ON RIVER CHANNEL IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER

IINTRODUCTIONDebrisflowisaphenomenonhappeninginextremeseveresit'Uationofsoilerosion(Guan,1996).ItoccursfrequentlyanddistributesdenselyinupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandtransportsahugeamountofsedimentilltotheriver.Debrisflowdepositinfluencesthecompositionofsedimentandthemorphologyoftheriverbedfromupstreamt6downstreamandthenaffectsthedynamiccharactersandsedimentbudgetoftheYangtzeRiver.Furthermore,itimpactsonthefloodandwaterconservancyengineering.2DEBRISFLOWGULLY--HIGHWAYOFSEDI…     

天津滨海新区新构造分区与地震活动

天津滨海新区地震活动的分区分布特征受到黄骅坳陷新构造活动的控制和影响。黄骅坳陷内沉降中心的变迁、构造带的形成,断裂活动时代及玄武岩喷发年代,都反映出本构造单元在新构造时期由南向北规律性发展历史。     

三江北段生达残留弧后盆地晚三叠世层序地层与演化

以陆壳为基底的生达残留后盆地被厚度大于５ ０００ ｍ 的晚三叠世沉积岩层所充填。在那里堆积着主要由半深海－ 深海相的陆源、内源与火山源浊积岩沉积,以及特色的弧后拉张产生的碱性系列玄武岩与海底喷流热水沉积等构成的活动边缘沉积物。以露头剖面为基础,识别出Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类层序界面,划分出２ 个Ⅰ类和１ 个Ⅱ类层序。层序形成的主控因素为构造火山作用、沉积物补给与海平面变化,对盆地的演化起到了重要的作用。     

我国洪涝灾害的地质环境因素与减灾对策建议

９０年代以来,我国洪涝灾害急剧发展,破坏损失达历史最高水平,防灾抗灾空前困难,１９９８年南北特大洪水是这种特征的重要标志。造成我国洪涝灾害日益严重的主要原因是：降雨分布不均,气候异常加剧;主要江河中下游地势平缓,河道曲折,洪水泻泄不畅;水土流失和崩滑流活动剧烈,河湖淤积严重湖泊萎缩、行洪蓄洪地续下降;大江大河沿岸工程地记隐患比较严重。这些因素都与区域地壳运动和地质环境变化密切相关。     

Sangay volcano, Ecuador: structural development, present activity and petrology

Sangay (5230 m), the southernmost active volcano of the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ), sits 130 km above a >32-Ma-old slab, close to a major tear that separates two distinct subducting oceanic crusts. Southwards, Quaternary volcanism is absent along a 1600-km-long segment of the Andes. Three successive edifices of decreasing volume have formed the Sangay volcanic complex during the last 500 ka. Two former cones (Sangay I and II) have been largely destroyed by sector collapses that resulted in large debris avalanches that flowed out upon the Amazon plain. Sangay III, being constructed within the last avalanche amphitheater, has been active at least since 14 ka BP. Only the largest eruptions with unusually high Plinian columns are likely to represent a major hazard for the inhabited areas located 30 to 100 km west of the volcano. However, given the volcano's relief and unbuttressed eastern side, a future collapse must be considered, that would seriously affect an area of present-day colonization in the Amazon plain, 30 km east of the summit. Andesites greatly predominate at Sangay, there being few dacites and basalts. In order to explain the unusual characteristics of the Sangay suite—highest content of incompatible elements (except Y and HREE) of any NVZ suite, low Y and HREE values in the andesites and dacites, and high Nb/La of the only basalt found—a preliminary five-step model is proposed: (1) an enriched mantle (in comparison with an MORB source), or maybe a variably enriched mantle, at the site of the Sangay, prior to Quaternary volcanism; (2) metasomatism of this mantle by important volumes of slab-derived fluids enriched in soluble incompatible elements, due to the subduction of major oceanic fracture zones; (3) partial melting of this metasomatized mantle and generation of primitive basaltic melts with Nb/La values typical of the NVZ, which are parental to the entire Sangay suite but apparently never reach the surface and subordinate production of high Nb/La basaltic melts, maybe by lower degrees of melting at the periphery of the main site of magma formation, that only infrequently reach the surface; (4) AFC processes at the base of a 50-km-thick crust, where parental melts pond and fractionate while assimilating remelts of similar basaltic material previously underplated, producing andesites with low Y and HREE contents, due to garnet stability at this depth; (5) low-pressure fractionation and mixing processes higher in the crust. Both an enriched mantle under Sangay prior to volcanism and an important slab-derived input of fluids enriched in soluble incompatible elements, two parameters certainly related to the unique setting of the volcano at the southern termination of the NVZ, apparently account for the exceptionally high contents of incompatible elements of the Sangay suite. In addition, the low Cr/Ni values of the entire suite—another unique characteristic of the NVZ—also requires unusual fractionation processes involving Cr-spinel and/or clinopyroxene, either in the upper mantle or at the base of the crust.     

论长江与珠江流域的水灾、水土流失及植被生态恢复工程

系统总结了长江和珠江流域近百年来的洪涝灾害和水土流失的危害程度和发生规律,深刻分析了洪灾和水土流失日趋严重的根源,提出了治理“两江”流域水土流失的根本性措施———植被生态工程,并呼吁将传统的植树造林改为植树种草,将乔、灌、草、藤有机搭配,形成多层配置,并大力发展草业,最终在“两江”流域实现以草业为枢纽的可持续发展生态大农业。     

Geochemical discrimination of metabasalt rocks of the Fan–Karategin transitional blueschist/greenschist belt, South Tianshan, Tajikistan: seamount volcanism and accretionary tectonics

The Fan–Karategin metamorphic belt, South Tianshan, Tajikistan, is regarded to be an ancient subduction–accretionary complex and is composed of three tectonostratigraphic units which display lithologies consistent with different tectonic settings. The mafic schists, which make up the major part of the older unit of the belt, contain both alkali and tholeiitic metabasalts. On the basis of rare-earth and other immobile element characteristics, the alkali metabasalts are akin to within-plate ocean island basalts, whereas the tholeiitic metabasalts resemble E-type MORB. The association is interpreted to have been formed on seamount-like structures under a within-plate plume. Bedded cherts and marbles in the unit are regarded as ancient pelagic sediments and carbonate caps developed upon basaltic seamounts, respectively. Dismemberment of the seamount-related basalts and pelagic sediments and the high-P/low-T prograde metamorphism of the unit rocks up to transitional blueschist/greenschist facies was the result of paleoseamount submergence into a subduction zone. This unit is tectonically overlain by arc-derived metavolcanic unit and a disrupted, mainly clastic unit of Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian age. Metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the two upper units have geochemical characteristics compatible with subduction-related origin. The lithological assemblages of the individual units and their juxtaposition suggest an origin involving collision–accretionary processes. The Fan–Karategin belt is a subduction–accretionary complex which formed during subduction of oceanic crust under a volcanic arc and was subjected to tectonic juxtaposition and imbrication of seamount, deep-sea, trench and volcanic arc sequences.     

山东蓬莱新生代玄武岩的构造背景及宝石找矿前景

山东蓬莱位于胶东地体北缘中部。板块动力作用形成了前古生代近EW向构造和中生代NE—NNE向走滑断层,侏罗纪以来地幔柱构造作用逐渐加强,地壳伸展减薄,幔源物质上涌,导致新生代碱性玄武岩喷发。碱性玄武岩中普通辉石、镁铝榴石等可作为低档宝石原料。玄武岩的构造背景、喷发形式、火山机构、岩性特征等与昌乐赋蓝宝石的碧玄岩极为相似,经过有针对性的详细调查研究,寻找红、蓝宝石是有希望的。