Economics of Flood Protection in India

The peculiar rainfall pattern in Indiarenders the country highly vulnerable to floods. Forty million hectares of land, roughlyone-eighth of the country's geographical area, is prone to floods. Each year, floods cause extensive damage to life and property, losses being exacerbated by rapid population growth, unplanned development and unchecked environmental degradation. The country has been tackling the problem through structural and non-structural measures. While non-structural measures like flood forecasting aim at improving the preparedness to floods by seeking to keep people away from floodwaters, structural measures involve the construction of physical structures like embankments, dams, drainage channels, and reservoirs that prevent floodwaters from reaching potential damage centres. Almost 48% of the vulnerable area has been provided with reasonable protection, though floods continue to cause widespread losses year after year. This paper examines the incidence of floods and the trends in consequent losses in the eastern region of the country – one of the most vulnerable – with the objective of studying the efficacy of flood protection measures in the region. Based on a simple regression exercise for three highly vulnerable states in the region, the paper argues that flood protection measures have been inadequate in controlling losses and reducing vulnerability. Regressions for the three states over the period 1971 to 1996 indicate that the level of protection is an insignificant explanatory variable in explaining the number of people (adjusted for increases in density) affected by floods; while area affected, as an indicator of the intensity of floods remains the main loss-determining factor.     

Subsidence rates in the Po Plain, northern Italy: the relative impact of natural and anthropogenic causation

The central-eastern Po Plain in northern Italy is a rapidly subsiding sedimentary basin that hosts about 30% of the Italian population and 40% of Italy's total productive activities. Subsidence rates range from 0 to −70 mm/year, the maximum occurring in synclinal areas at the Po Delta and near Bologna, the minimum located at the top of buried, probable tectonically active anticlines (Mirandola–Ferrara). We show that modern subsidence is at least an order of magnitude higher than due solely to long-term natural processes. This implies that most subsidence in the Po Plain has been induced by human activities. As previously noted, we suggest that the main factor controlling modern subsidence is water withdrawal, which was particularly intense during the second half of the 20th century, coinciding with accelerating economic growth. We also evaluate the impact of rapid subsidence on floods in low areas by comparing subsidence velocity maps with flood maps. This shows that there is a clear-cut correlation between flood frequency and rapid subsidence. In contrast, few floods occurred in low subsidence areas, which generally correspond with the top of buried anticlines. We finally note that the anthropic-caused increase in subsidence has now greatly increased the potential for additional floodings.     

苏北古潜山类型与油气藏形成控制因素分析

苏北地区古潜山油气藏勘探无重大发现的原因,主要是构造变动大、断裂发育、今构造不一定是古构造、圈闭落实程度低,储盖层条件具不确定性、对油气藏配套史认识不足等。尤其是古生界与新生界烃源岩之间夹了一套巨厚的中生界,从而形成了与任丘古潜山油气藏不同的特殊的苏北古潜山构造格局,为了避开这套地层,苏北地区古潜山的勘探方向,应以寻找新生界盆地箕状凹陷陡断裂带一侧的断块山为主:在断阶带的高台阶部位,古生界与新生界以断层方式直接接触,既有油源条件又有良好封盖效果,可形成较好的古潜山油气藏模式,主要有利地区有真武—许庄地区、荻垛地区、陈堡地区、杨村断裂带、龙岗次凹等。另外,至今仍为构造高的晚白垩世浦口期沉积地貌隆起或晚白垩世赤山期末构造隆起的古构造风化带,也会有较好的构造形成与油气运移的配套关系,并应处于晚燕山期“二次生烃”有利运移指向区,如盐城地区。     

集成地图环境下GPS卫星跟踪定位系统设计一例

介绍了MapInf04．5集成地图环境下利用VB6．o的Activex控件实现GPS卫星定位信号接收，实时显示测量车位置及测量点状态的系统设计实例。     

一种动态数据的新建模法及其预报应用

文章提出了一种新的动态数据建模法, 利用观测的数据序列, 先用双向差分原理反导出一个非线性常微分方程。 以此作为微分动力核, 然后运用自忆性原理建立预报模式, 我们称之为数据机理自记忆模式(Data-based Mechanism Self-memory Model), 简称为数忆模式, 缩写为 DAMSM。 多个实例计算表明, 数忆模式的预报准确率是比较令人满意的, 给出了长江三角洲夏季降水年际预报的实例。     

GPS RTK与区域大地水准面精化技术代替数字测图中的控制测量的应用探讨

通过GPS RTK与区域大地水准面精化技术和导线测量技术在大比例尺地形测量控制中得到的成果的对比试验,表明GPS RTK技术在精化大地水准面基础上可以代替数字测图中的控制测量,并提出注意的问题。     

某污水截流顶管工程中的施工控制

结合某污水截流工程的工程实践,探讨了长距离顶管施工中存在的一些主要技术措施,提出了一些顶管施工过程中的施工控制方法,并探讨了其效果和存在的不足之处。     

云南宾川白象厂构造斑岩蚀变型金矿地质

金矿赋存于二长斑岩与玄武岩接触带,局部赋存于二长斑岩与大理岩、玄武岩与大理岩的接触带。脉状、似层状、透镜状产出。矿化受构造及岩体联合控制,为构造斑岩蚀变型金矿床。     

GPS定位技术在核电站精密工程水平控制网测量中的应用、研究

根据红沿河核电站在初级控制网的基础上建立独立的厂区精密工程水平控制网的过程,基于GPS网在很大程度上逐渐取代地面网的情况下,研究GPS定位技术在核电站精密工程水平控制网中的有效性和精确性.研究过程是在采用GPS定位技术的同时,采用常规的精密测边网和精密边角网技术施测.通过对取得成果进行分析和对比,确认采用GPS定位技术在核电站建立精密工程水平控制网的发展方向是正确的,精度是可靠的.     

基于ArcGIS Engine的GIS开发的系统设计与实现

ArcGIS Engine是ArcGIS9新推出的嵌入式组件库。重点分析了ArcGIS Engine在GIS开发方面的优势,深入探讨了ArcGIS Engine开发的关键技术。使用VB6.0作为编程语言。结合以某区交通旅游数据,探讨了利用ArcGIS Engine进行GIS开发的系统设计与实现方法。