Tracking coarse-grained gravity flows by LASS-ICP-MS depth-profiling of detrital zircon (Aveto Formation,Adriatic foredeep,Italy)

Coarse-grained gravity flow deposits are quite common in the stratigraphic record, but their capability in transporting cobbles and boulders at great distance from the eroding sources is still poorly assessed. Here, we tackle this issue by the analysis of coarse-grained gravity flow deposits of the Aveto Formation, deposited in the Early Oligocene Adriatic foredeep and now exposed in the accretionary wedge of the Northern Apennines (Italy). We combine field observations and provenance constraints provided by Laser Ablation Split Stream (LASS)-ICP-MS depth-profiling of detrital zircon grains. We found that the polymodal grain-age distributions in the analyzed samples, dominated by Periadriatic, Variscan and Caledonian age populations, also include Late Cretaceous to Paleocene ages associated to thin epitaxial overgrowths on older zircon cores. These overgrowths display Th/U and REE patterns consistent with a metamorphic origin, and provide a diagnostic fingerprint that indicates the Bergell area in the Central Alps as the only viable source of coarse detritus, including cobbles and boulders of magmatic and metamorphic rocks, transported by gravity flows towards the nascent Adriatic foredeep. Our results provide not only pin-points for a reliable paleotectonic reconstruction of the Bergell-Aveto source-to-sink system, one of the most remarkable features of the Oligocene Adria-Europe plate boundary, but also compelling evidence for ∼300 km axial transport by gravity flows experienced by coarse detritus derived from the Oligocene Central Alps. The eruptions of the Bergell volcanic complex provided abundant pyroclastic material variably mixed with metamorphic detritus, that was quickly funneled into submarine canyons triggering southward-directed gravity flows. Active tectonics, pyroclastic material provided by volcanic eruptions, steep canyons close to the shoreline and the presence of fault-controlled submarine troughs, may effectively promote the long-distance transport of coarse material by gravity flows not only in the Oligocene, but also today.     

井孔压力与地层应力集中诱导的偶极弯曲波的分裂

利用在大形变基础上叠加小扰动的非线性波动理论——声弹性理论，数值考察了井外均匀各向同性固体介质同时受井孔静压力和井外单轴水平压力作用时，Stoneley波和两种偏振的偶极弯曲波的相速度频散曲线，并研究了计算中用到的灵敏系数随频率的变化. 数值结果表明，模式波相速度频散曲线的变化主要受灵敏系数中对应的3个三阶弹性常数的项控制；由井孔周围应力集中引起的沿单轴压力方向和垂直于该方向偏振的弯曲波发生分裂，同时随频率的增大，两条频散曲线产生交叉；井孔静压力的作用使两条频散曲线交叉点的位置发生变化，交叉点相速度值随井孔压力的增加而增大，但对应的频率值不变.     

西南天山造山带与前陆盆地系统

对比了前陆盆地与前陆盆地系统两个概念, 阐述了前陆盆地系统的基本含义, 引用这一概念分析和对比了库车前陆盆地与西南天山造山带及造山带内“卫星式”盆地的沉积、构造等特征。认为前陆盆地、造山带及造山带内“卫星式”沉积盆地三者之间是相关联的,造山带内的“卫星式”沉积盆地是前陆盆地系统楔顶的延伸部分, 受造山带的影响, 造山楔内不同部位沉积的楔顶存在明显的差异, 针对南天山“卫星式”沉积盆地而言, 尤尔都斯盆地的构造、沉积特征明显不同于焉耆盆地     

梁端局部无粘结钢筋混凝土梁抗弯承载力研究

为进一步研究梁端局部无粘结钢筋混凝土悬臂梁的抗弯承载力,在理论分析的基础上,使用ABAQUS有限元软件对局部无粘结梁与完好梁的承载力进行了仿真对比分析。结果表明,当局部无粘结梁与完好梁的配筋方式及材料力学性能一致、受拉纵筋锚固良好且可进入屈服阶段时,局部无粘结梁与完好梁的应变分布和应力历程有着明显的差异;局部无粘结梁的极限承载力高于完好梁;随着荷载的增加,无粘结梁的承载机理呈现出明显的“拱效应”。通过梁与拱的共同作用,建立了梁端局部无粘结钢筋混凝土梁抗弯承载力计算公式。     

西北太平洋岩石圈有效弹性厚度及其构造意义

本文引入滑动窗口导纳技术(MWAT),计算西北太平洋岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te).首先,基于SIO V15.1海底地形模型,模拟研究了MWAT法计算Te的精度,表明当Te5km时,误差在±1km以内,当Te≥5km时,相对误差在10%以内.分别采用GEBCO、SIO V15.1和BAT_VGG海底地形模型,构建了西北太平洋Te,通过对获得的洋壳密度参数和实测导纳与模型导纳之差的均方根进行分析,结果表明,BAT_VGG模型更适用于Te计算.西北太平洋Te均值为13.2km,标准差为6.9km,以板块冷却模型为参考,主要分布在150℃~450℃等温线深度范围内.白垩纪和侏罗纪时期岩石圈Te分布在150℃~300℃等温线深度范围内,且未随海山加载时岩石圈年龄增大而增大,说明海山加载时岩石圈年龄不是影响其强度的唯一因素.南太平洋超级海隆活动,以及研究区域广泛存在的断裂带构造,都曾对本区域岩石圈演化产生过重要影响,可能是本地区岩石圈Te较小的构造原因.     

Minimization of drift force on a floating cylinder by optimizing the flexural rigidity of a concentric annular plate

The deployment of suitable configurations of mutually interacting floating bodies for efficiently controlling their hydrodynamic interactions towards the reduction of the wave drift forces and, thus, of the mooring lines’ loads, has, nowadays, gained a great scientific interest. In this paper, the hydrodynamic behaviour of a floating cylinder and a concentric annular flexible plate is analysed in the frequency domain aiming at the minimization of the drift forces acting on the cylinder by optimizing the flexural rigidity of the plate. The diffraction/radiation problem is solved using a higher-order boundary element method. The analysis is implemented assuming that both floating bodies oscillate freely in heave, while for the plate, flexible modes are, additionally, considered for describing its structural deformations. The required modes shapes are determined in vacuum (“dry” mode superposition approach) through analytical expressions. The flexural rigidity of the plate, D, is optimized at a specific wave number using a real-coded genetic algorithm. Initially, results are compared with numerical results of other investigators for the case of two rigid concentric floating cylinders. Next, extended results are presented, focusing on the effect of D, including its optimum value, on various physical quantities describing the behaviour of both the cylinder and the plate. Contrary to the isolated cylinder, the presence of the plate introduces sharp peaks in the variation pattern of the drift force of the cylinder, bounded at specific wave numbers, where resonance of the seiche mode of water motion in the annular cavity or of specific flexible modes of the plate occurs. However, by reducing D to its optimum value, the cylinder’s drift force obtains practically zero values at the target wave number, due to an efficient improvement of the wave field in the annular cavity around the cylinder. Moreover, a great reduction of the drift force compared to the isolated cylinder is achieved in the subsequent high frequency range.     

Denudation,isostasy and landscape evolution

The idea that the isostatic response to progressive denudational unloading can be episodic over cyclic timescales is widely cited in the geomorphological literature. We demonstrate, however, that this notion, which has been regarded as a possible mechanism of widespread landscape rejuvenation, is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the principles of flexural isostasy. Rather than a discontinuous response, in cases where the half-width of the applied load is greater than a few tens of kilometres the lithosphere experiences a continuous compensation which is dependent upon the wavelength of the applied load rather than upon a lateral, or vertical, threshold of unloading which has to be exceeded before isostatic recovery is initiated. Although a flexural isostatic response cannot account for episodic uplift during a denudational cycle, it can explain the growth and persistence of significant marginal upwarps along passive margins across which there is a marked contrast in denudation rates. Such marginal upwarps, in turn, probably play a critical role in the long-term evolution of drainage systems and landscapes in adjacent continental hinterlands.     

裸眼井中弹性波传播的非对称模式的数值研究

本文从数值上研究了裸眼井中弹性波传播的非对称模式,给出了合成微地震图和导波（弯曲波）的频散曲线,发现在“硬”地层和“软”地层的井中,导波都是高度频散的,其最大相速度等于地层的横波速度,其截止频率低于对称模式的伪瑞利波的截止频率;在低频（2-3kHz）和长源距（3-4m）的条件下,由非对称的声源（如声偶极子）所产生的微地震图中,初至信号是以横波速度传播的,而以纵波速度传播的信号被抑制。本文的结果对研制横波速度测井仪是有意义的。     

Seismic on floating ice: data acquisition versus flexural wave noise

Geophysical surveying of the Arctic will become increasingly important in future prospecting and monitoring of the terrestrial and adjacent areas in this hemisphere. Seismic data acquired on floating ice are hampered with extensive noise due to ice vibrations related to highly dispersive ice flexural waves generated by the seismic source. Several experiments have been conducted on floating ice in van Mijenfjorden in Svalbard in the Norwegian Arctic to specifically analyse the extent of flexural waves recorded with various seismic receivers and sources deployed both on top of ice and in the water below. The data show that flexural waves are severely damped at 5 m or deeper below the ice and hydrophone data suffer less from these vibrations compared with data recorded on the ice. Aliasing of single receiver hydrophone data can to some extent be suppressed using an in-line line source of detonating cord. Experiments on ice on shallow water show prominent guided wave modes often referred to as Scholte waves propagating along the seabed. In this case, both flexural and Scholte waves interfere and make a complicated pattern of coherent noise. On shallow water, the positioning and type of the seismic source must be evaluated with respect to the coherent noise generated by these waves. Geophone strings of 25 m effectively suppress both flexural and Scholte waves due to their relative short wavelengths. An airgun generates relative more low-frequency energy than a surface source of detonating cord. Accordingly, seismic mapping of deep seismic horizons seem to be best achieved using geophone strings of such length and an airgun source. For shallow targets, the use of hydrophones in combination with detonating cord is an appropriate solution. Seismic surveying in the Arctic always have to follow environmental restrictions of not disturbing or harming wildlife and not causing permanent footprints into the vulnerable tundra, which implies that the choice of seismic acquisition strategy might occur as a trade-off between optimum data quality and environmental constraints.