214国道不同路面形式下碎石护坡工程效果实测分析

沥青路面和水泥路面是214国道江河源段采用的两种基本路面形式,由于该路段地处高温不连续多年冻土区,碎石护坡等多种工程措施被尝试用来稳定冻土路基.对两种路面形式下碎石护坡路段的地温监测资料进行综合分析发现,碎石护坡能显著降低路基边坡坡面的年平均温度,减小路基边坡坡面温度的年较差,并对坡脚、路肩和路基中心具有从大到小的冷却...     

Numerical and experimental analysis of the static behavior of highly deformed risers

This paper models a slender, flexible structure used as a drill string or riser in the offshore oil and gas industry that connects the well-head with a floating control vessel. These systems are used in deep-water drilling applications and present considerable design challenges due to their extreme flexibility and susceptibility to buckling and vibration. Two typical configurations are used (Bai and Bai, 2005), with a common feature involving the attachment of a buoy designed to relieve some of the axial forces acting on the riser, especially at the attachment points. Previous work by the authors studied numerical results of small-amplitude vibrations and two other equilibrium configurations using parameter values that closely resemble the full-scale application (Santillan et al., 2008). Here, two new configurations are considered, and experiments are designed and conducted to verify these equilibrium results.     

Experimental investigation of hull girder vibrations of a flexible backbone model in bending and torsion

Although the coupled horizontal–torsional vibrations of open ships have been investigated numerically for decades, the available experimental data in oblique seas seem rare. Model tests, considering natural frequencies of bending and torsional modes, have been conducted by the Centre for Ships and Ocean Structures (CeSOS) in the towing tank and ocean basin. A flexible backbone model was designed with five cut-outs on the top side of the aluminum beam to realize approximately torsional stiffness as well as vertical and horizontal bending stiffness. This paper mainly deals with measured bending and torsional vibrations in regular and irregular waves. The damping ratios, mode shapes, and modal moments were derived from experimental data, and a numerical model based on modal superimposition is established according to the measured hydroelastic properties. Some time-domain simulations are carried out considering the structural characteristics, and compared with measured results. The test data in regular waves are presented to show the possible factors of influence on the vibrations. The effect of bending and torsional vibrations on the extreme response values in irregular waves is estimated. The uncertainties in the experiments are discussed and conclusions are presented at the end of this paper.     

Convergence or divergence? Status and prospects for US climate strategy

The objective of this paper is to assess recent developments and prospects for future changes in United States (US) climate strategy. In doing so, the paper explores some of the key factors that have shaped strategies and policies to date, distinguishing between factors related to institutional and governance structures, linkages between science and policy, energy technology and the role of interest groups. Against this background, the paper attempts to explore future development paths for US climate policy. More specifically, the paper assesses opportunities for policy changes compared to the preferences of the current administration, and the prospects for future linkages between US and international climate change strategies. In brief, the paper argues that substantial changes are unlikely to take place in the near to medium term, leaving open, however, the possibility of wide-ranging changes in domestic politics or major incidents that could facilitate a shift in the perceived need for near-term action.     

Finite element modeling of slab–foundation interaction on rigid pavement applications

Bending stresses produced in pavement concrete slabs are influenced by the contact condition along the slab–foundation interface. A finite element model for the analysis of frictional contact between unbonded pavement layers is presented. A 2D plate element is proposed for the idealization of composite slabs. Interface elements are used to connect the unbonded layers within the composite slab and to model the interface between the bottom slab layer and the foundation layer. Interface elements have the ability to capture the separation and sliding between pavement layers, due to thermal loads, and to calculate the frictional traction at their interface.     

炭质页岩的颗粒破碎及其路用性能试验研究

为综合评估炭质页岩的路用性能,充分认识炭质页岩的颗粒破碎行为,测试了炭质页岩块在循环压实过程中各粒组含量的演化规律,结合室内击实试验阐述了颗粒破碎对炭质页岩击实性能的影响,确定了最佳填筑级配,并依据最佳级配进行三轴湿化变形试验,从颗粒破碎角度分析了炭质页岩填料湿化变形的变化规律,最后对炭质页岩现场填筑效果进行了验证。结果表明：炭质页岩压实过程经历结构调整、颗粒破碎、压缩变形3个阶段,形成的相对稳定级配结构为其用作路堤填料提供了基础;填料最大干密度形成机制受颗粒破碎过程中粒径为20～40 mm与粒径小于2 mm颗粒含量变化的影响较大,随粗料含量增加,试样相对破碎率线性增大,最大干密度呈先增大后减小变化,最优粗料含量约为70%;湿化变形是混合料颗粒破碎的外在表现,浸水湿化后混合料强度降低约40%,可采用相对破碎率 B_r 预估混合料遇水产生的湿化变形量,并建立了相对破碎率与围压、应力水平间的数学关系式;现场填筑过程中路堤压实度检测与沉降观测表明,炭质页岩路堤的最佳铺松厚度约为40 cm。     

Co‐development of alluvial fan surfaces and arid botanical communities,Stonewall Flat,Nevada, USA

Arid alluvial fan and fluvial dry wash surfaces in Stonewall Flat, Nevada, USA, are characterized using surface geomorphic surveys, soil pits, botanical line surveys, and varnish microlamination dating techniques. Active and abandoned washes, and active fan surfaces are dominated by primary geomorphic processes of high‐energy sedimentation from flash floods. These surfaces are characterized by bar and swale topography, a lack of stone pavements, soil horizons, and rock varnish. Younger terraces and slightly older intermediate fan surfaces are in transition from primary sedimentation processes to lower energy secondary surface‐modifying processes of sheet wash and eolian transport and deposition. These surfaces are characterized by faint to no bar and swale topography, incipient to moderately well‐developed pavements and soil horizons, and abundant coppices. Old and stable fan surfaces are dominated by lower energy secondary processes and manifest well‐developed pavements, soils, and sparse coppices around widely distributed shrubs. Varnish microlamination dating yields ages of 13·15 ka for intermediate fan surfaces and 25·55 to 86·75 ka for stable fan surfaces. Plant communities co‐developing with these surfaces affect and are affected by both primary and secondary geomorphic fan processes. Relatively active surfaces contain few woody species. Co‐dominance of shrubs and annuals with abundant annuals between the shrubs is characteristic of surfaces transitional from primary processes to secondary processes. Stable surfaces dominated by secondary processes are characterized by woody perennials, with long‐lived woody species inhabiting the oldest surfaces. Feedback mechanisms between early botanical communities and eolian deposition affect coppice and pavement development. In turn, these surface features control both the composition and distribution of botanical communities on older, more stable surfaces. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

公共事业由政府管理向公共治理的转变--以"计划生育"为例

以我国普遍存在的计划生育问题为实例 ,管窥公共事业的治理之道。在我国公共事业的改革中 ,应重视重塑公众观念 ,以消除“公众失误”现象 ,将政府行为逐渐过渡到公共行为 ,改刚性管理为柔性管理 ,在重塑现代管理的同时 ,发挥公共管理应有作用。     

Characterization and use of tropical gravels for pavement construction in West Africa

Summary Road transportation is increasingly becoming one of the key factors for promoting economic growth in most developing countries. However, transport and road research in the tropics has received relatively little attention. Experiences in road construction in the tropics within the past 50 years or so have established that local materials specifications and pavement construction technologies have to be developed in relation to the climatic conditions. This would involve knowledge of the processes of formation as well as genetic characteristics of the local gravels. Genetic characteristics exert considerable influence on the geotechnical properties and engineering behaviour of local gravels under pavement. The construction technology of the road pavement should take cognizance of the compositional variabilities of the gravel deposits. Construction studies of pavement sections (as well as assessment of the performance of existing roads) built with different gravels formed over different geological formations in specific climatic, and drainage conditions would provide useful data for evolving local gravel specifications for constructing stable and durable pavements. Stage construction of pavements involving the exposure of the various layers to traffic loading and seasonal climatic influences appears to hold promise for formulating strategies for constructing stable, and long-term durable tropical roads. The problem of achieving reproducible laboratory test data under field conditions is perhaps the most challenging aspect of utilizing local gravels for pavement construction in tropical and sub-tropical conditions. It is noted that the stability of pavements in tropical environments depends not so much on the geotechnical properties of the available gravels as on the appreciation by the designers and construction engineers of the relationship between the genetic and laboratory determined characteristics of the gravels on the one hand and the pavement construction technology and local climatic and drainage conditions on the other. This paper is a contribution to development of highway geotechnics for tropical and sub-tropical conditions.     

FGOALS模式4个版本太平洋年代际气候变率模拟的比较

本文选用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)发展的全球海洋—大气—陆面气候系统模式(FGOALS)的4个版本g2.0、s2.0、g1.1和g1,利用模式的长时间积分结果,结合观测、再分析资料比较、评估模式对太平洋年代际变率的模拟能力,并通过对海气相互作用及其海洋动力过程分析,探讨了模式中太平洋年代际振荡形成机制.研究发现,FGOALS 模式g2.0和s2.0版本对太平洋年代际振荡(PDO/IPO)的模拟能力优于 g1.1和g1.模式中太平洋年代际变率的正反馈过程与Bjerknes(1969)提出的海气相互作用正反馈机制有关,其负反馈则主要与海洋内部动力过程有关.太平洋异常经向热量输送将热带与中纬度海洋联系在一起,可以抑制正反馈作用,但无法使得年代际振荡变化位相发生反转;FGOALS模式中,热带海表温度(SST)暖距平信号通过大气桥影响热带外大气环流,在海气作用下,热带与热带外海洋次表层分别以Kelvin 波和Rossby 波的形式传播,使得冷暖位相反转,4个版本均能再现这种负反馈机制.但不同版本Rossby波所处的纬度不同,太平洋SST异常年代际变化信号最明显的范围越宽,则由此激发的Rossby 波便更为偏北,纬度越高Rossby 波西传的时间也越长,PDO/IPO的周期与其SST异常的经向尺度密切相关.