A comparative analysis of a fixed thresholding vs. a classification tree approach for operational burn scar detection and mapping

The scope of this paper is to demonstrate, evaluate and compare two burn scar mapping (BSM) approaches developed and applied operationally in the framework of the RISK-EOS service element project within the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) program funded by ESA (http://www.risk-eos.com). The first method is the BSM_NOA, a fixed thresholding method using a set of specifically designed and combined image enhancements, whilst the second one is the BSM_ITF, a decision tree classification approach based on a wide range of biophysical parameters. The two methods were deployed and compared in the framework of operational mapping conditions set by RISK-EOS standards, based either on sets of uni- or multi-temporal satellite images acquired by Landsat 5 TM and SPOT 4 HRV. The evaluation of the performance of the two methods showed that either in uni- or multi-temporal acquisition mode, the two methods reach high detection capability rates ranging from 80% to 91%. At the same time, the minimum burnt area detected was of 0.9–1.0 ha, despite the coarser spatial resolution of Landsat 5 TM sensor. Among the advantages of the satellite-based approaches compared to conventional burn scar mapping, are cost-efficiency, repeatability, flexibility, and high spatial and thematic accuracy from local to country level. Following the catastrophic fire season of 2007, burn scar maps were generated using BSM_NOA for the entirety of Greece and BSM_ITF for south France in the framework of the RISK-EOS/GMES Services Element project.     

加卸载响应比孕震积分在新疆地震预测中的综合应用研究

本文首先利用加卸载响应比孕震积分, 对2001年以来新疆境内南天山西段和喀什—乌恰交汇区发生的4次M_S≥6.0地震, 进行了震例检验。 结果显示, 孕震初期孕震积分在背景值附近波动, 变化平缓。 随着孕震程度的加剧, 孕震积分不断增加至峰值点, 快速回落过程中或恢复后发震。 我们还将加卸载响应比孕震积分初步应用到南天山西段的部分定点形变资料中, 对比分析了哈拉峻台、 乌恰台钻孔倾斜以及乌什水管仪、 伸缩仪和体应变趋势日均值与以台站为中心, 250 km为半径的加卸载响应比孕震积分时序图。 结果表明, ① 哈拉峻台和乌恰台区域内构造应力场应力处于不断加载的过程, 引起了定点形变资料速率的大幅度、 不稳定变化; ② 当构造应力场上的应力处于缓慢不断加载的过程时, 会引起定点形变测项速率方向发生改变, 表现形式为趋势异常; ③ 目前, 南天山西段构造应力场应力水平处于不断加载的过程。     

Moving shoreline boundary condition for nearshore models

The paper develops and analyzes two fully nonlinear boundary conditions that incorporate the motion of the shoreline in nonlinear time domain nearshore models. A moving shoreline essentially means the computational domain is changing with the solution of the flow. The problem is solved in two steps. The first is to establish an equation that determines the motion of the shoreline based on the local momentum balance. The second is to develop and implement into a shoreline model the capability of accommodating a changing computational domain. The two models represent two different ways of addressing this step: one is to track the position of the shoreline in a fixed grid by establishing a special shoreline point which generally is not a fixed grid point. The second is by a coordinate transformation that maps the changing domain onto a fixed domain and solves the basic equations in the mapped domain. The two shoreline conditions are tested against three known solution for nonlinear shoreline motion. Two are the 1-D solutions to the nonlinear shallow water (NSW) equations by Carrier and Greenspan [J. Fluid Mech. 4 (1958) 97], one representing the response to a transient change in the offshore water level, the other the motion due to a periodic standing wave, both on slopes steep enough to allow full reflection. The third is the 2-D horizontal (2DH) computational solution by Zelt [Coast. Eng. 15 (1991) 205] for the run-up of a solitary wave on a cusped beach. In all cases, both models are shown to behave well and give high accuracy results for suitably chosen grid and time spacings.     

长江中下游转换构造结与区域成矿背景分析

中国东部中生代以来的地壳运动频繁,构造演化复杂,岩浆活动剧烈,成矿作用多样,是不同体制构造转换的重要地区.长江中下游地区是中生代特提斯构造体制与太平洋构造体制转换的经典地区,是两大构造体制交汇和转换的焦点部位,具有岩石圈物质重组、结构重建的时-空演化关系.长江中下游转换构造结由是中国东部中生代特提斯构造体制与太平洋构造...     

E) Organisations non Gouvernementales / Non Governmental Organizations

SUMMARY

The evaporation tank consists of a square pan with a flat base, 2 metres long and 0, 7 metre deep, set into the ground with the rim 0, 1 metre above, and connected to a well on which is installed a limnigraph. This limnigraph records continuously fluctuations of the free water surface.

The recordings show that a large amount of water can be evaporated during rainfall. This phenomenon is specific at every evaporation tank with a free water surface. It is only during the dry intervals that a strong correlation can be established between the evaporation measured in the tank and the potential evapotranspiration of the surrounding natural surfaces. In order to locate the dry intervals and to measure the evaporation only during these intervals, it is necessary to use an apparatus provided with a continuous recording mechanism     

面向大规模道路网的最短路径近似算法

节点重要性对大规模道路网下最短路径的计算有着重要影响。本文提出了顾及节点重要性的最短路径估计方法,该方法基于Critic方法与复杂网络理论评价节点的重要性,结合限制策略实现网络划分,通过层次结构网络的构建,实现大规模道路网数据的有效化简和最短路径的快速有效计算。试验结果表明,该方法能够使中心节点均衡地分布于网络,更好地均衡划分后子网络的规模;随着限制参数的增大,网络规模逐渐降低,查询精度最高达到1.026,相比于单一指标和无限制参数的方法,本文方法显著降低了网络的规模,在最短路径的近似计算上保持了较高的准确性,为大规模复杂网络的近似分析提供分析思路。     

“一带一路”倡议下中国与重要节点地区的贸易格局及影响因素--以外高加索国家为例

外高加索国家地处欧亚十字路口,是古丝绸之路上的重要国家,也是“一带一路”的核心节点,区位战略意义重大。该文分析了外高加索三国自1991年独立以来中国与其贸易发展历程,借助HM指数和贸易互补性指数,从贸易总体格局和贸易商品特征两个角度分析双向贸易关系,并探究了影响其贸易发展的因素。结果表明:1)中国与外高加索三国长期保持贸易往来,贸易总额呈波动攀升趋势,阶段性特征明显;贸易差额起伏变化,整体长期维持贸易顺差状态;外高加索三国对中国的贸易依赖性显著大于中国对其依赖性。2)中国对外高加索三国出口商品互补性显著高于进口互补性,说明与作为中国进口商品来源国相比,外高加索三国作为中国商品的消费市场更具优势;中国对外高加索三国出口商品类型较为相似,结构呈集中与多元并存态势,主要出口商品逐步由资源、劳动密集型的低附加值商品向技术密集型等高附加值商品转变,而中国自外高加索三国进口的商品类型虽有所扩展,但主要类型仍较为单一,高度集中于未加工或半加工类资源型商品。3)地理距离、政局稳定性、产业结构、地缘关系、贸易环境及便利性是影响中国与外高加索三国贸易发展的主要因素。     

黄河下游堤防地质险段研究

由地质作用影响形成的易出险堤段称为地质险段 ,主要包括活断层作用影响形成的堤基易渗漏段、强地震高发区段和地基稳定性差段等。构造节点是识别地质险段的重要的河流地貌标志之一。根据成因 ,本文将黄河下游的地质险段分为三类 ,即新构造险段、沉降险段、断裂复活险段。针对黄河下游堤防地质特征 ,圈定出东坝头、大刘屯董口黄河南岸和路那里十里堡黄河南岸地质险段 ,提出了治理的有关措施     

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Structural Analysis of Platforms with the Effect of Joint Flexibility

- A modified space beam element is presented in this paper to consider the local joint flexibility of T, Y tubular joints subjected to axial forces and in- plane bending moments for analysis of platforms. Two numerical examples are shown to verify the efficiency and validity of the method presented here.