基于地性线分级的DEM信息量计算方法研究

主要对基于DEM提取的地性线进行信息量的定量分析,探讨地性线的信息量与分辨率、地形单元的关系。这个过程中首先利用河网的自相似理论研究与当前DEM所代表的地貌详细程度相适宜的地性线提取的阈值区间,并讨论此阈值下地性线的分级,以此为基础通过以该分级为权重进行DEM地形信息量的计算。实践证明,这种顾及地性线等级的DEM信息量计算方法能较准确地反映地性线的分布规律和不同等级的要素造成的信息量度量差异。     

基于等高线隔断线确定DEM适宜分辨率的方法研究

分辨率是等高线数据插值生成格网DEM数据过程中需要考虑的一个重要参数,适宜的分辨率既能将等高线高程信息尽可能保留,又不会因插值造成数据冗余及误差。基于对格网DEM生成方式的理解,提出了等高线隔断线的相关概念,分析了基于地形图矢量化的等高线数据插值生成格网DEM数据,由不同长度等高线隔断线频率统计来确定格网适宜分辨率参考值的方法。同时,不同长度等高线隔断线的长度与其频率相乘得到标准长度,以及等高线隔断线中心点生成的密度分析图,均可在频率特征决定适宜分辨率参考值时起到一定的参考作用。通过样区实验验证,实现简便,可度量性强,与其他相关研究具有一致性,对确定适宜格网分辨率参考值具有一定的借鉴意义。     

中国“四纵四横”高铁网络可达性综合评估与对比

传统测算可达性的方法较为单一,缺乏多层面、多角度的综合研究和对比分析。基于时间、经济与重心视角利用可达性模型并结合ArcGIS 空间分析手段探究高铁通车前后沿线城市可达性的动态变化;利用综合变异系数、层级分析法和改进的哈夫模型分析高铁可达性空间演变特征及规律,构建高铁可达性评价体系并结合熵权法定量评估各高铁可达综合实力。研究表明：京广、京沪可达综合实力最强,沪昆、杭福深次之,沪汉蓉、哈大、青太再次之,郑西、兰新可达实力最弱;全国高铁可达性强弱变化呈明显地带性规律,东、中部高铁可达性强于东北,东北强于西部,纵向高铁强于横向;经济潜力的增加率明显高于加权平均旅行时间的减少率,可达性重心偏移驱使不同等时圈蔓延交叠;高铁以“核心—核心”逐步向“核心—网络”空间链接模式过渡,产生上海、北京、广州、深圳4 个高铁“国家服务中心”,天津、武汉、重庆等6 个“大区域服务中心”,形成“多中心”高铁服务格局以及日益庞大而复杂的高铁特质空间集群;高铁网络影响下的中国区域空间格局的渐变与重塑日趋复杂,“T”型轴带呈现出由空间极化向空间均衡转变,跨城流动性特征突显,加速空间对接与同城化进程。     

Analytical convolution model for shipping water evolution on a fixed structure

The shipping of water is a problem that affects naval and offshore structures. Estimating its propagation on the decks of these structures by using analytical methods has been a main concern of projects. However, classical approaches disregard the decay tendency of water elevation time series and tend to overestimate the resultant water on deck. This paper is concerned with estimating the evolution of water along the deck of a fixed structure due to shipping water events. An analytical convolution model is proposed to estimate water elevations. The model considers the freeboard exceedance time series and the mean shipping flow velocity as inputs and the frictional effects of the bottom by resistance coefficients, which enables an approximated representation of the water elevation time series over the deck. It was validated with experiments of isolated shipping water events that were generated with the wet dam-break approach. The results obtained with the proposed model captured the experimental results, approximating the peak values and the decay trend of time series. Improvement of the proposed approach over classical models to represent shipping water elevations was demonstrated by comparing the results obtained with those of the dam-break model of Stoker.     

Search for H I emission from superdisk candidates associated with radio galaxies

Giant gaseous layers(termed “superdisks”) have been hypothesized in the past to account for the strip-like radio emission gap(or straight-edged central brightness depression) observed between twin radio lobes, in over a dozen relatively nearby powerful Fanaroff-Riley Class II radio galaxies. They could also provide a plausible alternative explanation for a range of observations. Although a number of explanations have been proposed for the origin of the superdisks, little is known about their material content. Some X-ray observations of superdisk candidates indicate the presence of hot gas, but a cool dusty medium also seems to be common. If they are entirely or partly composed of neutral gas, then it may be directly detectable and we report here a first attempt to detect/image any neutral hydrogen gas present in the superdisks that are inferred to be present in four nearby radio galaxies. We have not found a positive H I signal in any of the four sources, resulting in tight upper limits on the H I number density in the postulated superdisks,estimated directly from the central rms noise values of the final radio continuum subtracted image. The estimated ranges of the upper limit on neutral hydrogen number density and column density are 10^-4-10^-3 atoms per cm3 and 10^19-10^20 atoms per cm^2, respectively. No positive H I signal is detected even after combining all the four available H I images(with inverse variance weighting). This clearly rules out an H I dominated superdisk as a viable model to explain these structures, however, the possibility of a superdisk being composed of warm/hot gas still remains open.     

ALMA observations of the circumstellar envelope around EP Aqr

Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array(ALMA) observations of CO(1–0) and CO(2–1) emissions from the circumstellar envelope of the asymptotic giant branch(AGB) star EP Aqr have been made with four times better spatial resolution than previously available. They are analysed with emphasis on the de-projection in space of the effective emissivity and flux of matter using as input a prescribed configuration of the velocity field, assumed to be radial. The data are found to display an intrinsic axisymmetry with respect to an axis making a small angle with respect to the line of sight. A broad range of wind configurations, from prolate(bipolar) to oblate(equatorial) has been studied and found to be accompanied by significant equatorial emission. Qualitatively, the effective emissivity is enhanced near the equator to produce the central narrow component observed in the Doppler velocity spectra and its dependence on star latitude generally follows that of the wind velocity with the exception of an omni-present depression near the poles. In particular, large equatorial expansion velocities produce a flared disc or a ring of effective emissivity and mass loss. The effect on the determination of the orientation of the star axis of radial velocity gradients, and possibly competing rotation and expansion in the equatorial disc, is discussed. In general,the flux of matter is found to reach a broad maximum at distances of the order of 500 AU from the star.Arguments are given that may be used to favour one wind velocity distribution over another. As a result of the improved quality of the data, a deeper understanding of the constraints imposed on morphology and kinematics has been obtained.     

Lymanα forests and the evolution of the universe

The Lyα forest absorption lines in the spectra of quasars are interpreted as caused by the crossings of the light beam with the walls of a bubble structure (expanding with the Hubble flow only). Then, the typical separation between the absorption lines is proportional to the mean size of the bubbles. The variable factor is the expansion rate H[z]. The Friedmann regression analysis of the observed line separations determines the density parameter ω₀ and the normalized cosmological term λ₀ = λc²/3H²₀ of the appropriate cosmological model: ω₀ = 0.014 ± 0.002, λ₀ = 1.080 ± 0.006. Depending on the Hubble parameter this method reveals the values of the present mean matter density pm,0 = 2.6 h² · 10⁻²⁸ kg m⁻³ and of the cosmological constant Λ = 3.77 h² · 10⁻⁵² m⁻² (with h = H₀/(100 km/s·Mpc)). According to our analysis all models with Λ = 0 must be excluded. The curvature of space is positive. The curvature radius R₀ is 3.3 times the Hubble radius (c/H₀). The age t₀ is 2.8 times the Hubble age (H₀⁻¹).     

Allocycles and Autocycles in the Upper Part of the Limestone Coal Group (Pendleian E1) in the Glasgow–Stirling Region of the Midland Valley of Scotland

The upper part of the Limestone Coal Group (Pendleian E₁), between the major marine transgressions of the Black Metals and the Index Limestone, represents an early example of ‘coal measures’ facies. It comprises a distal and a proximal facies association. The distal facies association, which was subject to relatively strong marine influences and included both deltaic and fluvial elements, is characterized by a regular ‘layer-cake’ succession with laterally-persistent lithological members. By contrast, the proximal association, which was more subject to fluvial influences and is typified by the variable Bannockburn Main Complex, is characterized by abrupt lateral changes in lithofacies. The distal facies association is dominant in the west of the Kilsyth Trough, but proximal facies intercalations increase eastwards, so that they constitute a fairly high proportion of the succession in the Kincardine Basin, particularly in areas of locally-increased tectonic subsidence that were frequently occupied by major channel belts. Some of the sheet sandstones within the distal association have a lower, upward-coarsening portion succeeded by a coarser-grained, erosive-based, upward-fining portion. The resulting ‘two-storey’ profile may reflect deltaic sand bodies having been suceeded by fluvial sand bodies, following a general fall in base level. Linear regression lines showing the relationship between the number of horizons colonized by vegetation and net subsidence, suggest that local autocyclic, tectonosedimentary processes, such as delta switching, channel migration, and avulsion, were superimposed upon a widespread allocyclic, probably glacial-eustatic, process. The former processes were most effective within the proximal facies association and in the Kincardine Basin and the latter in the distal association and the Kilsyth Trough.     

A joint distribution of significant wave height and characteristic surf parameter

The paper provides a joint distribution of significant wave height and characteristic surf parameter. The characteristic surf parameter is given by the ratio between the slope of a beach or a structure and the square root of the characteristic wave steepness in deep water defined in terms of the significant wave height and the spectral peak period. The characteristic surf parameter is used to characterize surf zone processes and is relevant for e.g. wave run-up on beaches and coastal structures. The paper presents statistical properties of the wave parameters as well as an example of results corresponding to typical field conditions.     

薄分子云湍流结构函数的倾角改正及其应用

通过结构函数可以测量湍流的能量级联速率.在实际观测中,无法测量分子云中气体的3维速度,这使得其湍流结构函数难以测量.对垂直于视线方向的薄分子云的情形,结构函数Stt2可以通过云核速度弥散(core velocity dispersion,CVD)进行测量,CVD2=1/2Stt2.对此进行推广,对于不垂直于视线方向的薄分子云,CVD2=1/2Stt2(1-1/8cos2θ)R2/3,其中,θ是视线方向与投影方向的夹角,平均投影距离与3维距离之比R可以用第2类椭圆积分E(k,φ)表示为R=2/πE(cosθ,π/2).