基于双注意力机制的台风轨迹预测模型

台风轨迹的准确预测对于减少台风灾害及风险评估意义重大。本文提出了一种基于双注意力机制的台风轨迹预测模型(Dual-Attention-Encoder-Decoder),首先根据台风轨迹数据计算台风轨迹的变化曲率,将台风曲率序列与台风轨迹序列一同作为预测模型的特征输入,充分考虑了台风轨迹中隐藏的转向、偏折信息;然后构建双注意力机制增强的编码器-解码器网络(Encoder-Decoder)作为预测模型,利用特征注意力机制和时间注意力机制分别对模型输入和隐藏状态进行权重分配,能够学习输入特征和预测目标之间的关系,并且有效解决编码器-解码器结构对过长序列预测的性能下降问题,编码器和解码器均采用LSTM网络,能够存储长时间依赖并且收敛性好,不易发生梯度消失或爆炸;最后,本文使用1949—2017年中国气象局提供的西北太平洋台风最佳路径数据集,将DA-Encoder-Decoder模型与BP、SVR、LSTM、ELM等模型进行对比,分别对24 h、48 h、72 h台风轨迹进行预测。结果表明:DA-Encoder-Decoder模型的均方根误差和实际误差距离指标均优于其他四种预测方法,验证了本文方法的有效性。     

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用VB作50年台风路径资料检索与分析

介绍利用VisualBASIC可视化编程语言作 50年台风路径资料以及实时台风路径资料的检索与分析。包括台风路径资料检索程序的设计、多种路径资料的检索方法、相似路径检索方法和双台风路径检索方法等 ;利用所开发的程序框架 ,分析了若干个例的检索结果 ,如 4 8h内影响厦门市的台风路径高频中心在 19.5°N ,12 6.2°E等 ,对实际台风预报业务具有一定的参考价值     

在Web中自动绘制台风实时路径图

采用C 语言自动搜索气象卫星综合应用业务系统的台风报文且转换成实时台风位置等信息的数据库,并将台风实时位置等相关信息通过矢量图形可标记语言(VML)自动绘制于Web网中,生成互联网上的台风实时路径图像和台风相关信息,体现台风的及时性、自动化和图形化显示特点,让公众能更直观地在互联网上浏览到台风实时路径等信息。该技术现已在泉州气象网上成功体现。     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRACK OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AFTER LANDFALL IN EASTERN CHINA

The correlation and composite analysis are carried out in this paper to study major factors affecting the track of tropical cyclones (TCs) after their landfall in the east of China. The mid-tropospheric environmental steering flow is found to dominate the movement of a TC even after landfall, with the inertia and Coriolis force two other subordinates. A key region is discovered covering the east of China and Yellow Sea, in which the environmental flow significantly affects the movement of TCs making landfall in this part of China. When the subtropical high in this region strengthens and extends westward, accompanied by northward shrink of the westerly trough, the TC tends to move westward after landfall and disappear inland. However, when the subtropical high in this region weakens and shrinks eastward, accompanied by southward push of the westerly trough, the TC tends to recurve after landfall and re-enter the sea at a location to the north of the site of landfall. The environment before the landfall of a TC has little impact on its post-landfall track, which is sensitive to the environmental change 12 – 24 hours after landfall. A 6-hour lag is found between the environmental change and the movement of a TC after landfall.     

IMPROVED SCHEME OF AXISYMMETRIC TYPHOON BOGUS MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON NOCKTEN （NO.0405）

There is distinct difference in the tangential wind profile between different typhoons in the western North Pacific. At present, only two parameters, maximum wind and radius of maximum wind, are used in NCAR-AFWA bogus for MM5 mesoscale numerical model. As a result, sometimes the outer structure of typhoon cannot be described accurately. The tangential wind profile of NCAR-AFWA bogus is improved by introducing radii of 25.7 m/s and 15.4 m/s, and then the track and intensity of Typhoon Nockten (No.0425) are simulated. The results show that the simulations of track and intensity of typhoon both have been improved by simultaneously introducing the radii in the tangential wind profile of typhoon bogus. At the same time, there is improvement in the gale wind range of the typhoon simulated.     

ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON MATSA （NO.0509） AFFECTING SHANDONG PROVINCE

The characteristics of the moving course of Typhoon Matsa (No.0509), associated heavy rain and physical quantities fields have been analyzed, with the focus on the reason of the typhoon’s abrupt northeastward turn in Anhui Province and heavy rain concentrating in the northeast of typhoon center instead of near it. Meaningful conclusions are as follows. The reasons for typhoon abrupt turning are that the subtropical high pressure was moving southward and divergence fields of 200 hPa were to the right of the typhoon center; there was no obvious cold air invading Shandong after the typhoon entered the westerly belt; the southeasterly jet of typhoon and shear brought heavy rainfall to the Shandong peninsula before the typhoon entered Shandong. But after the typhoon’s movement into Shandong, the typhoon’s inverted trough brought the rainfall to the northern and central Shandong.     

集成方法在热带气旋路径和强度预报中的应用

利用多元线性回归、递归正权决策和算术平均方法,分别建立热带气旋路径和强度多模式集成预报方程,并用2004年西北太平洋和南海生成的热带气旋资料进行预报试验,同时对各家预报和集成预报进行了检验分析。结果表明,用集成预报方法作热带气旋路径和强度预报是可行的,预报年总平均误差有一定程度的减小,最大预报误差也有所减小,出现较大预报误差的概率明显减小。集成方法的预报能力一般好于集成方法中采用的任意单一预报,体现了集成方法的优越性。     

基于野外台站无人机组网遥感仿真航迹规划

无人机因其灵活、高分辨率等特点在遥感领域中得到了广泛应用,但是目前的无人机遥感多为单机作业,存在缺乏组网协同规划、作业效率有待提高等问题.无人机组网遥感观测能够克服单机作业存在的问题,可以实现多尺度、多平台、多载荷的高频次迅捷组网观测,快速获取大范围的超高分辨率数据,为大范围的生态环境监测、洪涝灾害监测以及国土安全应急...     

Hillslope water tracks in the High Arctic: Seasonal flow dynamics with changing water sources in preferential flow paths

Preferential subsurface flow paths known as water tracks are often the principal hydrological pathways of headwater catchments in permafrost areas, exerting an influence on slope physical and biogeochemical processes. In polar deserts, where water resources depend on snow redistribution, water tracks are mostly found in hydrologically active areas downslope from snowdrifts. Here, we measured the flow through seeping water track networks and at the front of a perennial snowdrift, at Ward Hunt Island in the Canadian High Arctic. We also used stable isotope analysis to determine the origin of this water, which ultimately discharges into Ward Hunt Lake. These measurements of water track hydrology indicated a glacio‐nival run‐off regime, with flow production mechanisms that included saturation overland flow (return flow) in a low sloping area, throughflow or pipe‐like flow in most seepage locations, and infiltration excess overland flow at the front of the snowdrift. Each mechanism delivered varying proportions of snowmelt and ground water, and isotopic compositions evolved during the melting season. Unaltered snowmelt water contributed to >90% of total flow from water track networks early in the season, and these values fell to <5% towards the end of the melting season. In contrast, infiltration excess overland flow from snowdrift consisted of a steady percentage of snowmelt water in July (mean of 69%) and August (71%). The water seeping at locations where no snow was left in August 2015 was isotopically enriched, indicating a contribution of the upper, ice‐rich layer of permafrost to late summer discharge during warmer years. Air temperature was the main driver of snowmelt, but the effect of slope aspect on solar radiation best explained the diurnal discharge variation at all sites. The water tracks in this polar desert are part of a patterned ground network, which increases connectivity between the principal water sources (snowdrifts) and the bottom of the slope. This would reduce soil–water interactions and solute release, thereby favouring the low nutrient status of the lake.