Spatial distribution of the apatite fission‐track ages in the Toki granite,central Japan: Exhumation rate of a Cretaceous pluton emplaced in the East Asian continental margin

The Cretaceous Toki granitic pluton of the Tono district, central Japan was emplaced in the East Asian continental margin at about 70 Ma. The Toki granite has apatite fission‐track (AFT) ages ranging from 52.1 ±2.8 Ma to 37.1 ±3.6 Ma (number of measurements, n = 33); this indicates the three‐dimensional thermal evolution during the pluton's low‐temperature history (temperature in the AFT partial annealing zone: 60–120 °C). The majority of the Toki granite has a spatial distribution of older ages in the shallower parts and younger ages in the deeper parts, representing that the shallower regions arrived (were exhumed) at the AFT closure depth earlier than the deeper regions. Such a cooling pattern was predominantly constrained by the exhumation of the Toki granitic pluton and was related to the regional denudation of the Tono district. The age–elevation relationships (AERs) of the Toki granite indicate a fast exhumation rate of about 0.16 ±0.04 mm/year between 50 Ma and 40 Ma. The AFT inverse calculation using HeFTy program gives time‐temperature paths (t–T paths), suggesting that the pluton experienced continuous slow cooling without massive reheating since about 40 Ma until the present day. A combination of the AERs and AFT inverse calculations represents the following exhumation history of the Toki granite: (i) the fast exhumation at a rate of 0.16 ±0.04 mm/year between 50 Ma and 40 Ma; (ii) slow exhumation at less than 0.16 ±0.04 mm/year after 40 Ma; and (iii) exposure at the surface prior to 30–20 Ma. The Tono district, which contains the Toki granite, underwent slow denudation at a rate of less than 0.16 ±0.04 mm/year within the East Asian continental margin before the Japan Sea opening at 25–15 Ma and then within the Southwest Japan Arc after the Japan Sea opening, which is in good agreement with representative denudation rates obtained in low‐relief hill and plain fields.     

两种边界层参数化方案模拟热带气旋Megi(2010)路径差异的机理分析

本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF,分别采用YSU和MYJ两种边界层参数化方案对2010年超强台风Megi的移动路径进行了模拟,研究了热带气旋(TC)路径模拟对边界层方案的敏感性,并从模拟TC尺度差异所造成的影响角度揭示了模式边界层方案影响TC路径的机理.结果表明:由于两种方案对边界层垂直混合作用过程的描述不同,两个试验模拟的低层水汽垂直输送存在差异.相对于能很好模拟出Megi路径的MYJ方案,YSU方案模拟的TC外围螺旋雨带更活跃,造成TC尺度增大,引起TC中心北侧外围气压梯度和径向风速增加,使得由副高向TC中心输送更多的质量,造成副高异常减弱,从而导致由副高主导的引导气流发生改变,最终使得采用YSU方案模拟的Megi路径出现提前转向.     

Fission‐track dating of a tephra layer related to Poti‐Malal and Seguro drifts in the Río Grande basin,Mendoza, Argentina

Two old drift units called Poti‐Malal and Seguro have been differentiated in the Río Grande basin based on relative‐age criteria, stratigraphical relationships, morphology and fission‐track dating. A tephra dated at 0.226 ± 0.025 Ma was deposited on the Poti‐Malal drift and underlies the Seguro outwash, which is inferred to equate with marine oxygen isotope stage 6. The stratigraphical position and age suggest that the tephra post‐dates the Poti‐Malal glaciation and that it is older than the Seguro drift. The Poti‐Malal glaciation must be at least as old as Early–Middle Pleistocene, and the Seguro glaciation is assigned to the penultimate glaciation. The tephra unit may have been deposited during marine oxygen isotope stage 7. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中吉天山隆升时代对比——裂变径迹年代学证据

中吉天山成矿带境内外天山在成矿时代、矿产种类、矿床规模等多方面存在重大差异。它们的成矿条件基本类似,是否因为保存条件的不同而产生这种差异值得关注。文章对采自吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山(境外西天山)的磷灰石样品进行了裂变径迹测试分析和温度-时间反演模拟研究,表明吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山在中新生代发生了四期抬升剥露作用,分别为晚侏罗世、晚白垩世、始新世和渐新世,且不同区域其抬升剥露史也不相同:晚侏罗世的抬升局限于伊塞克湖南岸的泰尔斯山脉,始新世的抬升主要发生在伊塞克湖南北两侧的泰尔斯山脉和昆格山脉,晚白垩世和渐新世的抬升为吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山整体抬升。与东部境内西天山对比表明,境内西天山整体隆升时间较早,历时较长,有可能隆升剥蚀程度超过境外西天山,从而造成了成矿方面的重大差异。     

铁路客运专线路基面沉降特征与工程意义

路基面沉降是铁路客运专线变形观测和沉降评估的基本内容,但由于对路基面沉降的物理含义及其工程意义认识不足,其观测成果的运用存在一些谬误之处。结合武广客运专线大量实测数据,简要地分析了路基面沉降特征及表征意义,探讨观测成果的合理应用方法。分析表明：路基面沉降观测数据可用于考察路基沉降的稳定性、后期发展趋势和曲线回归的相关系数是否满足要求,但无法直接用之进行工后沉降检算。建议了联合路基面沉降观测数据和地基沉降观测数据推算工后沉降的方法。     

西天山山脉多期次隆升-剥露的裂变径迹证据

磷灰石的裂变径迹法已经广泛地应用于限定山脉的隆升剥露历史研究。天山山脉的隆升历史一直存在争议,西天山山脉的构造隆升研究则相对更为缺乏。野外系统采集三个横穿西天山察汗乌苏山剖面的花岗岩、火山岩等样品,挑选磷灰石开展了裂变径迹测试分析工作。测试结果表明,西天山可能存在多期次的构造隆升事件;进一步利用实测的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和径迹长度,开展了磷灰石的温度时间反演模拟研究。模拟结果结合区域性的地质资料分析推断,西天山山脉自中生代以来存在4个阶段构造隆升剥露事件,分别为:三叠纪末—早侏罗纪(220～180Ma)、侏罗纪中期(170～140Ma)、白垩纪中期(110～80Ma)和晚新生代(24Ma以来)。     

列车运行时由轨道不平顺引起的地基振动研究

采用半解析法研究了列车荷载作用下列车-轨道-饱和地基系统的耦合振动问题。研究模型共分为3部分：车体简化为一个多刚体系统,在车轮与钢轨之间引入线性Hertizian弹簧接触模型模拟轮轨动力相互作用、采用离散轨枕支撑的弹性Euler梁来模拟轨道系统、下卧土体采用多孔饱和半空间模型。列车荷载分为轴重和由轨道不平顺引起的轮轨动力相互作用力。采用Fourier变换分别求解各子系统的控制方程,并通过动力子结构法对各子系统进行耦合。土体在时域内的动力响应通过快速Fourier变换求得。在分析了轮轨动力相互作用力的基础上,研究了轮轨动力作用力和列车轴重作用下饱和地基的动力响应,并分析了轨枕间距和土体渗透系数对饱和地基振动响应的影响。研究表明,轮轨动力作用力对地基远场振动有重要贡献,同时枕木间距对轨道与地基振动响应有较大影响。     

青藏高原隆升过程的磷灰石裂变径迹分析方法

由于青藏高原新生代以来地表高程持续强烈抬升,在利用磷灰石FT年龄进行高原绝对隆升速率计算时应引入古地表高程参数,而通常使用的“径迹年龄-地形高差法”却没有考虑到不同时期的古地表高程问题。为此,笔者试提出高原隆升速率计算的“径迹年龄-海拔高程法”,即以同一参考质点(样品点)在不同时期的海拔高程差作为绝对抬升量,以绝对抬升量除以时间得出隆升速率。本文讨论了改进后方法与传统方法计算结果的差异及合理性。鉴于青藏高原的隆升具有明显的脉动性与幕式作用特征,多数情况下FT年龄可能大致代表构造抬升与剥露事件的年代。     

不同初始场及侧边界对台风路径数值预报的影响

利用T213L31及T106L19所提供的初始场及侧边界就不同初始场及侧边界对台风路径数值预报的影响进行了敏感性试验。试验结果表明，从总体平均距离误差来看，初始场及侧边界的改进可以明显提高台风路径数值预报能力。通过不同的初始场及侧边界的相互组合(T106L19的初始场及侧边界；T106L19的初始场、T213L31的侧边界；T213L31的初始场、T106L19的侧边界；T213L31的初始场及侧边界)，对不同类型的台风路径预报、对初始场及侧边界的敏感性进行了初步试验。结果表明：非转向阶段的台风对初始场较为敏感，而转向阶段的台风对侧边界及初始场都很敏感。     

Remote impact of blocking highs on the sudden track reversal of tropical cyclones

Previous work showed that some tropical cyclones(TCs) in the western Pacific Ocean undergo sudden track reversal, and the onset, maintenance and decay of blocking highs(BHs) coexisted with 19 of the studied TCs with sudden track reversal.In these cases, the phase relations between the BH, the continental high(CH), the subtropical high(SH) and the suddenly reversed TCs could be classified into types A, B, C and D. Types C and D were the focal point of this follow-up study, in which Typhoon Pabuk(2007) and Lupit(2009) were employed to conduct numerical simulations.The results showed that the reversed tracks of Pabuk(2007) and Lupit(2009) could have been affected by the BH,particularly in terms of the turning location and the trend of movement after turning. Specifically, the two main features for Pabuk(2007) in the BH perturbations were the deflection of its turning point and a distinct anticlockwise rotation. Lupit(2009) deviated to the southwest and finally made landfall in the Philippines, or experienced further eastward movement,in the perturbed BH. The impact mechanisms can be attributed to the change in the vorticity field transported from the BH, leading to an intensity variation of midlatitude systems. BHs may have a positive feedback effect on the strength of the westerly trough(TR), as indicated by a weakened and strengthened TR corresponding to negative and positive BH perturbations, respectively.