南水北调西线一期工程调水区径流量与影响因子关系分析——以达曲为例

以达曲为例,利用朱倭站1961~1996年的水文资料及东谷站的降水量资料,分析南水北调西线一期工程调水区径流量与影响因子的关系,结果表明:年平均气温呈上升趋势,其线性变率为0.24℃/10 a,36年共上升了0.864℃,以20世纪80年代以后上升趋势更为显著;年蒸发量呈增加趋势,其线性变率为+2.78 mm/10 a;年平均降水量及春、冬及非汛期降水逐年增加,其中年平均降水气候倾向率达+5.2 mm/10 a;调水区达曲的年平均径流及春、秋、汛期、非汛期流量呈逐年增加趋势,其中以春季和非汛期尤为明显。虽然气温升高、蒸发量增大,但这不是影响径流的直接因素,其增量还不足以抵消降水对径流的增加,降水是影响调水区径流量多少的主要气候因子。     

青岛地区气候变化对动物物候变化的影响研究

基于青岛地区气候和动物物候观测资料,分析了气候和动物物候变化特征及两者之间的相关关系。1986—2016年青岛地区蚱蝉始鸣期表现为小幅波动变化,蟋蟀的始鸣期则呈先显著推迟后显著提前的变化趋势,青蛙和家燕的始鸣期均有显著推迟的趋势。以上4种动物的绝鸣期均显著提前,间隔期均明显缩短。受全球气候变暖的影响,青岛地区气温表现为显著增温趋势,日照时数和平均风速均呈显著减小趋势,而降水对气候变暖的响应较小。日照时数的减少对4种动物物候期的影响最大,有利于4种动物绝鸣期的提前和间隔期的缩短以及家燕始鸣期的推迟;蟋蟀和青蛙的物候期对气温有明显的响应,蚱蝉和家燕对气温的变化不敏感;风速的减小有利于蚱蝉、家燕绝鸣期的提前和间隔期的缩短,但却导致青蛙绝鸣期的推迟和间隔期的延长。多种气候因子共同作用决定了动物物候期的变化。除气候条件对动物物候期变化的影响之外,动物之间食物链的制约关系在一定程度上也对物候变化有影响。     

河南朝川矿一井突水因素分析

河南省汝州市朝川矿一井主采煤层二1煤底板隔水层薄、分布不稳定,底板灰岩承压含水层富水性强、水头压力高、补给来源丰富,开采至今已发生数十起突水事故,造成严重的经济损失。研究认为：矿井的主要充水水源为寒武系含水层,导水通道是断层、构造裂隙及采动裂隙,二1煤层底板隔水层仅在局部地段能起到隔水作用;矿井的充水方式主要是大气降水、地表水体通过石炭系和寒武系灰岩露头区渗漏补给,在煤层底板形成水头压力大的承压水而威胁矿井安全的。最后指出,在矿井生产中一定要严格遵守＂预测预报,有采必探,边探边掘,先治后采＂防治水方针。     

“第一军规”诞生地——湖南桂东红色旅游开发研究

桂东县是井冈山革命根据地的重要组成部分,是我军第一军规颁布地,红色旅游资源亮点突出,是湖南红色旅游开发的一个新热点。通过实地调研和区域比较,认为桂东县红色旅游资源的历史价值厚重,资源开发的支撑条件多样,但红色旅游发展劣势与挑战也十分明显。因此,作为桂东县经济发展新的突破口,其红色旅游开发应确立总体发展思路,搞好重点景区项目策划,注重红色旅游产品整合,加强红色旅游市场营销,严格红色旅游资源保护,以促进其可持续发展。     

The dynamical environment of Dawn at Vesta

Dawn is the first NASA mission to operate in the vicinity of the two most massive asteroids in the main belt, Ceres and Vesta. This double-rendezvous mission is enabled by the use of low-thrust solar electric propulsion. Dawn will arrive at Vesta in 2011 and will operate in its vicinity for approximately one year. Vesta's mass and non-spherical shape, coupled with its rotational period, presents very interesting challenges to a spacecraft that depends principally upon low-thrust propulsion for trajectory-changing maneuvers. The details of Vesta's high-order gravitational terms will not be determined until after Dawn's arrival at Vesta, but it is clear that their effect on Dawn operations creates the most complex operational environment for a NASA mission to date. Gravitational perturbations give rise to oscillations in Dawn's orbital radius, and it is found that trapping of the spacecraft is possible near the 1:1 resonance between Dawn's orbital period and Vesta's rotational period, located approximately between 520 and 580 km orbital radius. This resonant trapping can be escaped by thrusting at the appropriate orbital phase. Having passed through the 1:1 resonance, gravitational perturbations ultimately limit the minimum radius for low-altitude operations to about 400 km, in order to safely prevent surface impact. The lowest practical orbit is desirable in order to maximize signal-to-noise and spatial resolution of the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Detector and to provide the highest spatial resolution observations by Dawn's Framing Camera and Visible InfraRed mapping spectrometer. Dawn dynamical behavior is modeled in the context of a wide range of Vesta gravity models. Many of these models are distinguishable during Dawn's High Altitude Mapping Orbit and the remainder are resolved during Dawn's Low Altitude Mapping Orbit, providing insight into Vesta's interior structure. Ultimately, the dynamics of Dawn at Vesta identifies issues to be explored in the planning of future EP missions operating in close proximity to larger asteroids.     

《国家一、二等水准测量规范》新旧版本的比较

《国家一、二等水准测量规范》(GB/T12897-2006和GB12897-91)对建立一、二等水准网的布设原则、施测方法、精度指标和技术要求等环节做出了规定。从这些规定出发,对新、旧规范进行了分析,比较了两者之间的变化,进而说明新规范的发布和实施对今后水准测量的开展提供了新的技术方向指引和技术支持。     

近50 a中国霜期的变化特征分析

通过对中国霜气象观测资料的整理和分析,研究了1957-2006年中国霜期、初霜日、终霜日的时空分布和气候特征.结果表明,中国各地的霜期总体上是自北向南、自高山向平原逐渐缩短的,霜期长(短)的地区与初霜早(晚)、终霜晚(早)的地区非常一致.近50 a来,在全球增暖的背景下,中国大部分地区霜期在逐渐缩短,初霜日在逐渐推迟,终霜日在不断提前,1990s后这种趋势变得更加明显.霜期缩短显著的区域主要集中在我国东北、华北、内蒙古中部、江淮流域以及云贵高原和华南部分地区,而四川盆地和长江中下游部分地区霜期缩短的趋势并不明显,一些地方甚至略有延长的趋势.比较初霜日期与终霜日期的趋势变化,发现终霜日提前的趋势要比初霜日推后的趋势更加明显,这可能是由不同季节的增温幅度不同而引起的.     

长江第一湾成因新探

长江第一湾成因是一个复杂而重大的科学问题,近百年来已经进行了大量的研究工作,但至今还悬而未决.根据前人的研究资料和该区有关的地质、地貌、湖泊沉积等研究的最新成果,在分析滇西北晚新生代以来水系演化和金沙江河谷发育的基础上提出：石鼓附近的长江第一湾是古金沙江支流水洛河汇入古金沙江的河汉;早更新世末期老君山一带东西向隆起的阻挡作用,使古金沙江沿其支流水洛河下游段逆向北流,在三江口与已袭夺了水洛河的川江汇合,至此,现代意义上的金沙江形成了,石鼓附近的古金沙江与其支流汇合处也成为名副其实的“长江第一湾”,而三江口附近的“长江第二湾”则是川江袭夺古金沙江支流水洛河形成的袭夺湾.     

First-principles-based calculations of the CaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–MgCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and CdCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–MgCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> subsolidus phase diagrams

 Planewave pseudopotential calculations of supercell total energies were used as bases for first-principles calculations of the CaCO₃–MgCO₃ and CdCO₃–MgCO₃ phase diagrams. Calculated phase diagrams are in qualitative to semiquantitative agreement with experiment. Two unobserved phases, Cd₃Mg (CO₃)₄ and CdMg₃(CO₃)₄, are predicted. No new phases are predicted in the CaCO₃–MgCO₃ system, but a low-lying metastable Ca₃Mg(CO₃)₄ state, analogous to the Cd₃Mg(CO₃)₄ phase is predicted. All of the predicted lowest-lying metastable states, except for huntite CaMg₃(CO₃)₄, have dolomite-related structures, i.e. they are layer structures in which A _m B _n cation layers lie perpendicular to the rhombohedral [111] vector. Received: 6 May 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002 Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by NSF contract DMR-0080766 and NIST.     

Determination of first mode ground period and site-dependent design response spectrum for Taiwan High Speed Rail

The objective of this paper is to identify the first mode ground period T_g, at each interesting site along Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) route, and further, to determine the site-dependent design response spectrum for particular sites with T_g larger than 1 s. In this paper, a linear model of shear wave propagating in a multi-layered half-space is developed to identify the first mode ground period T_g of an interesting site on the basis of the field bore hole data. Furthermore, for each one of the strong ground motion observation stations within the Chiayi-Tainan area, the first mode ground period T_g was identified by either coda waves or pre-event ambient vibrations from the seismograms. In addition, the site-specific parameter C_v in defining the normalized response spectrum was also determined based on the observed strong ground motions at the specified observation station, and hence the empirical function between T_g and C_v can be regressed for this interesting area. Therefore, for a particular site along THSR route within the Chiayi-Tainan area, the site-specific parameter C_v can be determined from the regressed empirical function by the identified first mode ground period T_g, and further, used to develop the site-dependent design response spectrum.