城市拓展对资源消耗的影响程度分析——以长春市为例

构建脱钩状态模型和响应程度模型,通过定量研究1995~2010年长春市城市拓展对资源消耗的影响程度,得到以下结论:①长春市城市拓展与资源消耗总体呈现"双增长"特征,城市快速拓展导致的资源消耗及资源环境压力不断增大;②长春市城市拓展与资源消耗始终处于"相对脱钩"状态,且资源消耗增长速度随着城市拓展呈先相对下降、后又相对提升的趋势。在城市拓展规模保持总体稳定增长的情况下,资源消耗变化是影响二者脱钩状态与脱钩程度演化的关键因素;③随着长春市城市拓展规模的不断扩大,其对资源消耗增长的影响程度持续增大,进一步说明城市拓展作为资源消耗的驱动力,其变化是导致长春市城市拓展对资源消耗影响程度增大的重要推动因素。     

玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲扩张对社会经济和生态环境的影响分析

 利用2007—2009年的实地调查资料,结合1958—2006年的5期遥感影像解译数据,从干旱区内陆河流域典型绿洲的演变进程出发,分析了新中国成立以来近60 a玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲快速扩张的影响,强调了保持绿洲适宜规模的重要性,并从可持续发展的角度探讨了绿洲今后发展的方向。主要结论为:①近60 a玛纳斯河流域耕地和绿洲分别以107.756 km2·a-1和122.401 km2·a-1的速度迅速增长,二者扩张的方向基本一致;②绿洲的快速扩张对社会经济产生一定推动作用的同时,也带来了一系列的环境问题。如地表水利用率超过90%,地下水过度开采并以0.5~1 m·a-1的速度下降,水质污染增加,防护林大量死亡,森林破坏严重,草地从1958年到2006年减少4 316.39 km2,土地荒漠化威胁严重等;③从可持续发展的角度看,控制绿洲规模,适度开采地下水,转变产业结构,建立生态补偿机制等是今后本区发展的关键。     

长沙市中心城区居住用地扩张特征及影响因素研究

为探讨长沙市中心城区居住用地扩张特征及影响因素,对长沙市居住用地的合理布局提供借鉴。以1979年、1990年、2003年及2010年城市总体规划为基础,借助不同年份的统计年鉴,采用居住用地扩张速度、居住用地扩张弹性系数及不同时期的居住用地的叠加,对长沙市中心城区居住用地的扩展特征与影响因素进行了系统分析。结果表明：（1）从1949年到2010年长沙市中心城区居住用地增加了7582．52×10^4m^2,年均增长速度为6．4％。（2）1979～1990年居住用地在旧城区的基础上往东发展,扩张半径较小;1990-2003年延续1979～1990年扩张方式之外,出现了一些类似于“飞地”性质的居住用地;2003—2010年居住用地扩张速度加大,湘江西部、城市南部及北部居住用地的面积明显加大。     

有限区域流函数和速度势的3种求解方法在分析台风Bilis暴雨增幅中的比较研究

将有限区域流函数、速度势求解中常用的两种张驰法(即理查逊法和加速利布曼法)与调和—余弦谱展开法(H-C法)进行了比较,理论研究表明:H-C法单独考虑边界影响分量,物理意义明确,且不会丢失边界上的天气系统;从计算上看,H-C法重建的风场能精确还原原始风场,且计算效率明显高于两种张驰法,即收敛更快。通过在台风Bilis(0604)暴雨增幅过程诊断中的应用发现,常用的两种张驰迭代方法在求解有限区域流函数和速度势的问题上效果都不是很好,即:用理查逊法和加速利布曼法计算的流函数和速度势重建的风场与原始风场差别较大,不能准确还原原始风场;用H-C法不仅计算效率高,还原的风场与原始风场差异极小,且不受南边界较强的西南季风涌影响,在暴雨增幅前期能较好地反映与暴雨增幅相关的强辐合信号。因此,可用H-C法计算得到的无辐散风和无旋风对有限区域的天气系统进行更深入的动力结构分析。     

A Re-examination of Density Effects in Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO2 Fluxes

Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air, leading to a number of approaches to correct density effects. In this study, we re-examine physical processes related to different assumptions that are made to formulate the density effects. Specifically, we re-examine the assumptions of a zero dry air flux and a zero moist air flux in the surface layer, used for treating density variations, and their implications for correcting density effects. It is found that physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero dry air flux account for the influence of dry air expansion/compression on density variations. Meanwhile, physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero moist air flux account for the influence of moist air expansion/compression on density variations. In this study, we also re-examine mixing ratio issues. Our results indicate that the assumption of a zero dry air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to dry air, while the assumption of a zero moist air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to the total moist air. Additionally, we compare different formula for the mean vertical velocity, generated by air-parcel expansion/compression, and for density effect corrections using eddy covariance data measured over three boreal ecosystems.     

逻辑回归元胞自动机模型的鸡西市城市扩张分析及预测

城市的快速扩张导致人地矛盾激化,土地利用效率下降.分析并预测城市发展状态,可以实现土地资源的合理配置,为城市发展提供合理规划.本文以鸡西市市辖区为例,利用Logistic-CA模型进行城市扩张模拟及趋势特征分析.结果表明:1)鸡西市在2005—2015年间城市处于低速扩张阶段,土地利用效率较低,城市发展较为分散;2)通...     

GPS观测研究青藏东北缘的水平变形特征

推导了利用位移场计算主应变、面膨胀、最大剪应变的公式,通过2次重复GPS观测结果,计算了新青藏高原东北缘在1999～2001年间的水平主应变、面膨胀、最大剪应变等水平变形特征量的分布,并分析了在观测后发生的德令哈6．6级地震活动与变形场特征量之间的分布关系。采用力学理论对该地区的地质构造运动、局部形变特征与地震活动的关系进行了讨论。得出了一些有意义的结论和认识。     

Seasonality change and the third millennium BP rainforest crisis in southern Cameroon (Central Africa)

The third millennium BP crisis of the central African rainforest is not sufficiently understood. The low resolution of most pollen profiles and a large plateau of the calibration curve aggravate the exact dating of the event, and its causal climatic parameters are debated. We present a high-resolution pollen profile from the swamp site Nyabessan in the southern Cameroonian rainforest, covering the period 3100-2300 cal yr BP. Between 3100 and 2500 cal yr BP, the climate was favourable for a regional evergreen forest with Caesalpiniaceae and Lophira and a local Raphia swamp forest. Around 2500/2400 cal yr BP, a significant decrease of mature forest and swamp forest taxa and an increase of pioneers indicate that the rain forest was seriously disturbed and replaced by secondary formations. The dominance of Trema orientalis, a pioneer well adapted to seasonal desiccation, points to a much more accentuated seasonality after 2500 cal yr BP, which seems to be linked to a southwards shift of the ITCZ during the northern hemisphere winter months. We propose that the rain forest crisis between 2500 and 2200 cal BP created favourable conditions for farming and paved the way for a major expansion of Bantu speaking populations.     

Secular frequencies of 3-D exoplanetary systems

Using a 12th order expansion of the perturbative potential in powers of the eccentricities and the inclinations, we study the secular effects of two non-coplanar planets which are not in mean–motion resonance. By means of Lie transformations (which introduce an action–angle formulation of the Hamiltonian), we find the four fundamental frequencies of the 3-D secular three-body problem and compute the long-term time evolutions of the Keplerian elements. To find the relations between these elements, the main combinations of the fundamental frequencies common to these evolutions are identified by frequency analysis. This study is performed for two different reference frames: a general one and the Laplace plane. We underline the known limitations of the linear Laplace–Lagrange theory and point out the great sensitivity of the 3-D secular three-body problem to its initial values. This analytical approach is applied to the exoplanetary system Andromedae in order to search whether the eccentricities evolutions and the apsidal configuration (libration of ) observed in the coplanar case are maintained for increasing initial values of the mutual inclination of the two orbital planes. Anne-Sophie Libert is FNRS Research Fellow.     

膨胀式尾管悬挂器的研究

为了解决常规尾管悬挂器过流面积小、密封性能差的缺点,研究了膨胀式尾管悬挂器。主要对膨胀式尾管悬挂器的工作原理,结构原理,关键技术包括替浆技术、固井技术、膨胀悬挂技术、丢手技术进行了研究;解决了膨胀管悬挂的一系列技术难题;对膨胀管受力进行了有限元分析,并将结果与室内试验进行了对比,两者结果基本一致。通过野外试验进一步证明了膨胀式尾管悬挂器能够提供足够的悬挂力,满足悬挂要求。