“GEOGRAPHY IS TWINNED WITH DIVINITY”: THE LAUDIAN GEOGRAPHY OF PETER HEYLYN

ABSTRACT. This critical history of geography looks to the political concepts that historical actors held and analyzes the incorporation of these concepts into geography. Peter Heylyn, who politicized his geographical books Microcosmus (1621) and, still more, Cosmographie (1657), followed William Laud's characteristic brand of High Church Anglicanism, avowedly hostile both to Roman Catholicism and to Calvinist forms of Protestantism, while upholding an ideal of the Church of England as both independent and apostolic. Further, Laudians were stalwart defendants of monarchy as a divine institution. This Laudian vision of church and state informed Heylyn's geographical works, which goes against a received wisdom that they are divorced from his polemical historical, political, and theological tracts. We thus recover the politics of early modern geography as contemporaries might have understood them.     

华北东部地区盆地叠合特征与古生界生烃史

华北东部地区下古生界沉积了海相碳酸盐岩潜在的烃源岩,上古生界发育良好的煤系气源岩。由于经历了多期次、不同规模盆地的多种样式的叠合,其间又经历多期次的抬升、剥蚀与改造,因此,不同地区的古生界烃源岩生烃史具有显著的差异。地层对比和上古生界RO特征指示研究区北部的济阳坳陷具有较厚的三叠系原始沉积,三叠纪盆地的叠合对古生界烃源岩生烃史具有重要影响。依据盆地叠合方式、上古生界热演化程度,将上古生界生烃史划分为三叠纪、侏罗纪-白垩纪、早第三纪以来等3个阶段,分别对应生烃史的早期、中期和晚期,早期浅埋、中期抬升、晚期深埋型地区的“二次生烃”潜力大,如济阳坳陷和东濮凹陷。上古生界盆地的均衡面式叠合使下古生界的热演化程度比上古生界至少高0.3%以上,因此,在三叠纪末下古生界基本达到生烃高峰,在一定程度上损耗了其原始有机质并降低其“二次生烃”潜力。     

中国地理学史上的一次大断裂——兼评《汉书·地理志》

先秦地理学有着考察自然、研究自然的传统,而且在这方面取得了辉煌的成就。汉代及其以后的中国古代地理学基本上丢失了这个传统,始作俑者为东汉班固。西汉董仲舒的“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”,不但排斥或扼杀了其他诸子百家,也摧残了先秦儒家注重自然的传统。班固著《汉书·地理志》,屈从当时的潮流,忽视先秦时期“山川,地理也”的传统,赋予“地理”另一种含义,即以记述疆域、政区的建制置和沿革为主,而把山川等自然知识作为附庸,使以后的中国古代地理学走上侧重地理沿革考证、记述社会历史和社会状况之路,形成内容上以史学地理、经学地理、沿革地理为主体的中国传统地理学。先秦地理学与秦汉地理学之间存在一个大断裂。这个大断裂影响了中国古代地理学取得的成就,并使中国古代地理学无法发展衍生出近代地理学。     

A new look at the position of the 1604 Supernova (V843 Ophiuchi)

The position of the supernova of 1604 (V843 Oph) is re‐assessed, with relevant discussion pertaining to the present‐day remnant, 3C 358. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Thermal evolution of the Tseel terrane,SW Mongolia and its relation to granitoid intrusions in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The timing and thermal effects of granitoid intrusions into accreted sedimentary rocks are important for understanding the growth process of continental crust. In this study, the petrology and geochronology of pelitic gneisses in the Tseel area of the Tseel terrane, SW Mongolia, are examined to understand the relationship between igneous activity and metamorphism during crustal evolution in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Four mineral zones are recognized on the basis of progressive changes in the mineral assemblages in the pelitic gneisses, namely: the garnet, staurolite, sillimanite and cordierite zones. The gneisses with high metamorphic grades (i.e. sillimanite and cordierite zones) occur in the central part of the Tseel area, where granitoids are abundant. To the north and south of these granitoids, the metamorphic grade shows a gradual decrease. The composition of garnet in the pelitic gneisses varies systematically across the mineral zones, from grossular‐rich garnet in the garnet zone to zoned garnet with grossular‐rich cores and pyrope‐rich rims in the staurolite zone, and pyrope‐rich garnet in the sillimanite and cordierite zones. Thermobarometric analyses of individual garnet crystals reveal two main stages of metamorphism: (i) a high‐P and low‐T stage (as recorded by garnet in the garnet zone and garnet cores in the staurolite zone) at 520–580 °C and 4.5–7 kbar in the kyanite stability field and (ii) a low‐P and high‐T stage (garnet rims in the staurolite zone and garnet in the sillimanite and cordierite zones) at 570–680 °C and 3.0–6.0 kbar in the sillimanite stability field. The earlier high‐P metamorphism resulted in the growth of kyanite in quartz veins within the staurolite and sillimanite zones. The U–Pb zircon ages of pelitic gneisses and granitoids reveal that (i) the protolith (igneous) age of the pelitic gneisses is c. 510 Ma; (ii) the low‐P and high‐T metamorphism occurred at 377 ± 30 Ma; and (iii) this metamorphic stage was coeval with granitoid intrusion at 385 ± 7 Ma. The age of the earlier low‐T and high‐P metamorphism is not clearly recorded in the zircon, but probably corresponds to small age peaks at 450–400 Ma. The low‐P and high‐T metamorphism continued for c. 100 Ma, which is longer than the active period of a single granitoid body. These findings indicate that an elevation of geotherm and a transition from high‐P and low‐T to low‐P and high‐T metamorphism occurred, associated with continuous emplacement of several granitoids, during the crustal evolution in the Devonian CAOB.     

Macrofossil evidence of alder (Alnus sp.) in Britain early in the Late Glacial Interstadial: implications for the northern cryptic refugia debate

Wood macrofossil remains of alder and willow/poplar have been recovered from a sediment sequence in the valley of the Turker Beck in the Vale of Mowbray, North Yorkshire. These remains have yielded radiocarbon dates early in the Devensian Late Glacial (14.7–14k cal a bp ), equivalent to the early part of the Greenland Interstadial (GI-1e) of the GRIP ice-core record. These are the earliest dates recorded for the presence of alder in the Late Glacial in the British Isles. Associated biological remains have provided a palaeoenvironmental record for this early part of the Greenland Interstadial, generally indicative of open environments dominated by herbaceous taxa on both the wetland and dryland surfaces. However, stands of alder, birch and willow woodland were also present, and indicate the possibility that such tree species survived in cryptic refugia in Britain as elsewhere in northern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. The absence of alder pollen at Turker Beck, in a sequence in which its macrofossil remains are relatively abundant, lends support to the view that pollen can be a poor indicator of the presence of tree species in Late Glacial sequences in northern and western Europe.     

辽东凸起北段新生代隆升时间的确定:来自裂变径迹的证据

对取自辽东凸起北段凸起带和陡坡带的6个岩芯样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)测试并分析了裂变径迹特征,选定其中2个样品在约束条件下进行热史模拟。结果表明,辽东凸起北段新生代经历了距今50 Ma±孔店组沉积期末及距今24 Ma±的东营组沉积期末的2次构造隆升。通过对辽东湾坳陷东西部的沉积结构和控凹断裂对比可知,辽东湾坳陷一系列NE向隆起具有相似的发育机制。结合渤海湾盆地区域构造背景,推断辽东湾坳陷辽东凸起的形成是古近纪地幔热活动引起的伸展作用在孔店组沉积期末的构造响应,形式为拆离性质的翘倾断块;而辽东凸起的第二次抬升是受东营组沉积期末发生的区域性构造抬升运动影响的结果。     

南海北部近海柱状沉积物多环芳烃组成及来源分析

【目的】研究南海北部近海区域柱状沉积物多环芳烃组成及分布特征,讨论全新世早期火历史及气候变化。【方法】利用AMS ¹⁴C定年技术结合有机地球化学分析手段对全新世早期南海北部近海沉积物柱状样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)分布特征进行研究。【结果】南海北部近海沉积物中16种PAHs总浓度范围为8.58~17.48 ng/g,在约10000 a B.P.的全新世早期呈现先增大后减小波动变化,与TOC变化基本同步。【结论】沉积物中多环芳烃主要来源于南海北部近海陆源区域自然火灾产生的焦炭残渣。PAHs的沉积浓度变化间接指示了全新世早期东亚季风的强度变化。