原油中生物标志物的组成是成藏史的反映

油藏中原油的生物标志化合物不仅可以指示生油岩的类型,成熟度,而且可以映油藏的充注方向及成藏史,以济阳坳陷中的孤南洼陷和津洼陷为例,利用生物标志物化合物进行油源对比,区分现不同成因的原油,并确定了不同的成熟阶段,孤南洼陷的油田中有分别生成于沙一段和沙三段的原油,利津洼陷的油田中则是来自于少三段和沙四段的原油,它们各自的成熟度指示成藏的期次和时间,沙一段和沙四段生油岩形成咸水环境,开始生烃早,对应于Ｒ     

Anti-Semitism in German geography 1900–1945

The number of Anti-Semitic opinions found in geographical and geopolitical literature gives evidence of a wide-spread hostility towards Jews before 1945. Only very few critical dissidents branded Anti-Semitism as propaganda of political rightists. The extent to which Anti-Semitism served as an ideological bridge between geography and geopolitics in Germany till 1945 must be established. But independent from geopolitics, there are lots of proof for an autochthonously developed Anti-Semitism among German university geographers long before geopolitics was created. All in all geopolitics had no innovative effect on the research and the theory of political geography in Germany till 1945. Its main topics, epistemological premises and methodological apparatus grew on the substratum of authochthonous traditions created in the 19th century. Geopolitics only takes up basic reflections that already exist.     

清朝末年吴汝纶对传播西方地学之贡献

清末,中国著名文学流派桐城派的大师,教育家吴汝纶,对传播西方地学有显著的作用。本文拟介绍吴汝纶对《天演论》的评价,并首创我国地质教育事业及有关地学的言行;其侄女吴芝瑛也曾评介早期译著《地质学》等史实。并对吴汝纶之思想特征作一简评。     

碳酸盐岩压溶埋藏史和排烃数值模拟模型初步探讨

压溶作用产生的缝合线是烃富集的场所及初次运移的通道。碳酸盐岩烃源岩压溶过程,随着地层厚度和体积的减小,未熟和低熟油气会伴随孔隙流体一同排出。根据碳酸盐岩埋藏与压溶机理,提出了压溶的碳酸盐岩缝合线或溶解缝厚度恢复及其古厚度恢复的数学模型,同时结合碳酸盐岩基质和缝合线孔度随深度的变化曲线建立了定量计算碳酸盐烃源岩压溶排烃量的数学模型。上述数学模型的关键是确定压溶作用开始和结束的深度和时间,缝合线的厚度     

Griffith Taylor and the SE Australian highlands: issues of data sources and testability in interpretations of long‐term drainage history and landscape evolution

Much of the current research on long‐term landscape evolution and drainage history in SE Australia is built in one way or another on the early work of Griffith Taylor. The controversy prompted by several attempts to incorporate Taylor's work in recent plate tectonics interpretations of the long‐term evolution of SE Australia highlights differences of opinion as to the appropriate methodologies for such investigations. These questions, including the issues of data sources in reconstructions of long‐term landscape history, testability of such reconstructions, and the relationship between the landscape history so reconstructed and larger‐scale, regional landscape histories, appear not to have been addressed in recent literature on geomorphological methodology. This literature notes the demise of critical rationalism and appears to espouse a strongly relativist viewpoint, which relies on the shared understanding among the discipline's practitioners as to what are appropriate data sources and tests for hypotheses of long‐term landscape evolution. This offers little hope for resolution of the current disputes about the evolution of the drainage systems of SE Australia, but puts the onus squarely on us, the practitioners, to develop shared understandings of the appropriate data sources and tests for our hypotheses and grand schemes of the type so favoured by Griffith Taylor.     

南海北部陆架西区磷灰石裂变径迹的分析

文中将磷灰石裂变径迹分析用于南海北部陆架西区地热演化研究，报道了位于北部湾盆地、莺琼盆地和珠三拗陷的３口钻井１３个样品磷灰石径迹的测定结果，并依之研究了乌１６－１－２井与莺１井的热演化史的片断，得出乌１６－１－２井区在３０Ｍａ以来地温演化是平稳的，未受过重大热事件的扰动，而莺１井区则曾经历过抬升事件的论断。对所得结论借助于径迹理论模型计算予以检验，肯定了径迹分析用于南海陆架盆地热演化研究的意义，指出在采取岩样问题上有待改进之处。     

沧参1井热历史及成油气环境研究

本文通过Ｕ－Ｐｂ同位素地质年代学研究，指出沧参１井沉积地层中的物质来源是华北古陆；隐伏花岗岩侵位年龄为９９Ｍａ，来源于具下地壳特征的太古宙岩石的重熔。对奥陶系碳酸岩流体包裹体特征研究指出沧参１井流体包体类型可分为３大类、８个亚类，本区碳酸盐类岩石有机质丰富，应为一套生油储油较好的岩系。特别是通过不同深度１０个磷灰石样品裂变径迹表观年龄和径迹长度特征的研究，论述了本区古地温的变化，约在１４３Ｍａ前石炭二送纪地层中的磷灰石经历过完全的退火，这是二迭纪以下地层的第１次生油作用；９９Ｍａ花岗岩侵位，岩浆热对围岩中有机质的转化和油气的形成起了促进作用，这可作为第２次生油期；第三纪时因地壳下降，沉积了巨厚的第三系地层，这时磷灰石退火带范围（大致相当于生油带）约为１７００—３９００ｍ，古地温梯度为３．１℃／１００ｍ，这是本区第３次生油阶段。     

磷灰石裂变径迹分析在恢复盆地沉降抬升史中的应用──以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

对鄂尔多斯盆地磷灰石裂变径迹资料深入分析表明．最迟２３Ｍａ以来盆地发生了一期由于快速抬升剥蚀引起的冷却事件．盆地东部以９５ｍ／Ｍａ的速率抬升，造成约２０００ｍ的剥蚀量；而盆地西部则以５６ｍ／Ｍａ的速率抬升，导致了约１０００ｍ的剥蚀量．盆地东、西部的差异抬升剥蚀导致了盆地现今微微西倾的构造面貌．这一抬升剥蚀事件是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞引起亚洲构造运动形式以挤压为主，转换为中新世以来以地壳增厚为主的结果．Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄和镜质体反射率资料分析表明，盆地在１７０－１６０Ｍａ（中侏罗末）曾发生一期热事件，使古地温梯度达５７℃／ｋｍ，古热流值达９６－１０９ｍｗ／ｍ^２．     

镜质体成烃反应动力学模型的标定及其在热史恢复中的应用

镜质体反射率（Ｒｏ）与其生烃率有关，因此，由Ｒｏ应可求取其生烃率；同时，在求取了镜质体成烃反应动力学参数之后，若已知其受热史，则可计算出镜质体的生烃率；反过来，若已知镜质体的生烃率，应可反推其受热史。基于这一基本原理，本文在建立和标定镜质体成烃反应动力学模型的基础上推导了可将其应用于存在着抬升、剥蚀和古地温非线性变化等复杂地质条件下热史恢复的原理模型，结合海拉尔盆地海参７井的实测Ｒｏ值，有效地恢复了其古热史