兴地断裂构造特征及其演化历史

兴地断裂是塔里木盆地东北缘十分重要的大型控盆断裂,该断裂对塔里木盆地东北缘地层发育、构造古地理、库鲁克塔格断隆-满加尔坳陷的构造演化等具有重要的控制作用.根据断裂带中糜棱岩、构造角砾岩、构造透镜体、断层崖、断层三角面等不同构造形迹的性质,结合断裂对区域地层发育和构造古地理的控制作用,对断裂的变形期次和性质进行了划分,并讨论了断裂的演化历史及其形成的地球动力学背景.断裂经历了元古代—新生代漫长的构造演化历史,发生了多期次不同性质构造活动.其构造演化主要包括形成期(Pt2);伸展期(Pt3—O);挤压反转期(O2末期和O3末期);左旋压扭期(Pz2末期)、逆冲推覆期(E末期—Q3)和右旋张扭期(Q4)6个构造演化阶段.     

Identification of critical ground motions for seismic performance assessment of structures

A method is established to identify critical earthquake ground motions that are to be used in physical testing or subsequent advanced computational studies to enable seismic performance to be assessed. The ground motion identification procedure consists of: choosing a suitable suite of ground motions and an appropriate intensity measure; selecting a computational tool and modelling the structure accordingly; performing Incremental Dynamic Analysis on a non‐linear model of the structure; interpreting these results into 50th (median) and 90th percentile performance bounds; and identifying the critical ground motions that are close to these defining probabilistic curves at ground motion intensities corresponding to the design basis earthquake and the maximum considered earthquake. An illustrative example of the procedure is given for a reinforced concrete highway bridge pier designed to New Zealand specifications. Pseudodynamic tests and finite element based time history analyses are performed on the pier using three earthquake ground motions identified as: (i) a Design Basis Earthquake (10% probability in 50 years) with 90 percent confidence of non‐exceedance; (ii) a Maximum Considered Event (2% probability in 50 years) representing a median response; and (iii) a Maximum Considered Event representing 90 percent confidence of non‐exceedance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于建筑抗震设计规范的设计用地震动分析

首先利用我国《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011-2001)中的地震影响系数曲线,制成适合于我国抗震设计规范的人工地震波形,然后使用该人工波和日本现行设计用地震动,对隔震结构进行地震响应分析,最后由地震响应结果对所提出的模拟设计用地震动大小进行评价,得到一些有意义结论,供抗震设计人员在设计时参考。     

煤层成因和煤相研究历史回顾及其研究现状

简要回顾了国内外煤相研究的发展历史，讨论丁煤相研究的主要内容，从煤岩学、沉积学、地球化学及古植物学等4个方面总结了煤相类型划分的主要依据，在此基础上对目前煤相研究的主要方法进行了归纳。     

Magmatic changes during the stabilisation of a cordilleran fold belt: the Late Carboniferous–Triassic igneous history of eastern New South Wales, Australia

In a 60 Ma interval between the Late Carboniferous and the Late Permian, the magmatic arc associated with the cordilleran-type New England Fold Belt in northeast New South Wales shifted eastward and changed in trend from north–northwest to north. The eastern margin of the earlier (Devonian–Late Carboniferous) arc is marked by a sequence of calcalkaline lava flows, tuffs and coarse volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks preserved in the west of the Fold Belt. The younger arc (Late Permian–Triassic) is marked by I-type calcalkaline granitoids and comagmatic volcanic rocks emplaced mostly in the earlier forearc, but extending into the southern Sydney Basin, in the former backarc region. The growth of the younger arc was accompanied by widespread compressional deformation that stabilised the New England Fold Belt. During the transitional interval, two suites of S-type granitoids were emplaced, the Hillgrove Suite at about 305 Ma during an episode of compressive deformation and regional metamorphism, and the Bundarra Suite at about 280 Ma, during the later stages of an extensional episode. Isotopic and REE data indicate that both suites resulted from the partial melting of young silicic sedimentary rocks, probably part of the Carboniferous accretionary subduction complex, with heat supplied by the rise of asthenospheric material. Both mafic and silicic volcanic activity were widespread within and behind the Fold Belt from the onset of rifting (ca. 295 Ma) until the reestablishment of the arc. These volcanic rocks range in composition from MORB-like to calcalkaline and alkaline. The termination of the earlier arc, and the subsequent widespread and diverse igneous activity are considered to have resulted from the shallow breakoff of the downgoing plate, which allowed the rise of asthenosphere through a widening lithospheric gap. In this setting, division of the igneous rocks into pre-, syn-, and post-collisional groups is of limited value.     

Moisture History and Small Mammal Community Richness during the Latest Pleistocene and Holocene, Northern Bonneville Basin, Utah

Precipitation and net primary productivity are positively correlated in arid environments. Both variables are, in turn, correlated with mammal species richness, but this relationship is not necessarily positive. With increasing precipitation in arid areas of low to moderate productivity, mammal richness increases linearly; as rainfall and productivity increase beyond this point, mammal richness is known to decline in some areas, producing a relationship that has been termed “unimodal” or “humped.” In the Great Basin of the arid western United States, studies of the relationship between rodent species richness and precipitation have revealed only a positive relationship between these two variables. It has, however, been argued that if areas of higher precipitation were to be sampled within this region, the decline phase would become evident. When latest Pleistocene and Holocene small mammal assemblages from the northern Bonneville Basin (central Utah) are examined across a temporal moisture gradient, species richness declines as moisture declines. Since the Great Basin was significantly moister during the latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene than it has been since that time, the unimodal response model does not appear to apply to this region.     

Gold production history of the United States

Gold has played an important role in the settlement and economics of the United States. Commercial production from 24 states totaled more than 420 million troy ounces (13,000 metric tons) from 1804 through 1995. There were, no doubt, early undocumented discoveries by Native Americans, but the first records are those from the mid-1600's in the east and from the 1770's in the west. Commercial production began in 1804 in North Carolina and spread among several Appalachian states in the 1820's and 1830's as placer deposits were discovered and exploited. After peaking in the 1830's and 1840's, Appalachian production began to decline as deposits were worked out and as miners moved westward in response to the news of the discoveries in California in 1848. Appalachian production virtually ceased with the Civil War while production from California and adjacent states remained at several millions of ounces per year. As the California Gold Rush waned, new discoveries brought the Rocky Mountain states, South Dakota, and Alaska into prominence. Local, state and total production responded to time of discovery, extent of placers, labor availability, technology, government mandates and, of course, the price of gold. By 1900, the major gold rushes had occurred and most of the major producing districts were defined; however, the fixed price of gold (since 1837) provided a decreasingly attractive incentive for more exploration and exploitation. The rise in the price of gold, during the Depression provided a powerful incentive to increase gold production, but one that was cut short by War Production Board Order L-208 which closed the gold mines in 1942. In the post-war period, the fixed price, combined with the prohibition of American gold ownership, again proved to be a disincentive and gold production dropped. The era of free gold price that began in 1968, followed by the permission for Americans to again own gold, brought new interest in gold with prices rising briefly in 1980 to US$850 per ounce and remaining above US$350 per ounce through 1995. This higher price, combined with the technology for bulk mining and processing of low grade ores, provided incentive for new exploration and exploitation. Consequently, gold production soared above 10 million ounces per year in the early 1990's with 65% coming from Nevada. There has been a general decrease in the grade of gold ores since the early 1900's and significant changes in the methods of recovery. Despite the decreasing grade, the reserves of recoverable gold have more than doubled since the early 1970's.     

中国水文事业简史

概述了中国水文事业从有史以来至１９９０年的发展历程,以水利部门的水文工作为主,兼及其他部门有关水文工作状况。将历史划分古老文明,外来影响迅速发展,曲折前进 ,改进开放等五个时期叙述,而重点放在新中国成立后的三个时期。     

河南泌阳断陷湖盆等时层序地层框架模式探讨

泌阳断陷等时层序地层框架模式,反映了陆相层序展布特征及其沉积体系时空配置关系,揭示了断陷湖盆成盆演化史及沉积充填史。泌阳断陷沉积充填史划分为三个阶段（初始断陷充填阶段、主断陷充填阶段及坳陷充填阶段）,并对应着三个盆地充填序列及其相应的构造层序。其中第二阶段包括强烈断陷充填亚阶段、稳定断陷充填亚阶段及断陷萎缩充填亚阶段,其沉积速率有由大到小的变化规律。早第三纪泌阳断陷湖盆经历了四个演化历程：山前洪水     

复杂条件下的回剥反演方法——最大深度法

常规回剥反演方法仅能面对简单情况,对于地层多次隆升剥蚀和多时代连续剥蚀的复杂情况,计算起来十分麻烦,既难以按统一的方式进行处理,也难以实现回剥反演的自动化．提出了一种更适用的回剥反演法———最大深度法,其主要思路是始终寻找从古至今各时间柱中埋深最大的一柱进行回剥反演．该算法逻辑简单明了,回剥反演过程简单,能自动实现,并可方便地推广到三维空间,实现三维构造史模拟．通过某地区实际资料处理,表明该方法正确可靠．