Population Dynamics and Life History Characteristics of the Blue Crabs Callinectes similis and C. sapidus in Bay Environments of the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract. The population dynamics and life history characteristics of Callinectes similis and C. sapidus in the Mobile Bay-Mississippi Sound estuarine system of the northern Gulf of Mexico were studied. We report that C. similis is numerically dominant in open-bays, while C. sapidus is more abundant in shallow salt marshes. Juvenile C. similis recruit into both open-bays and salt marshes, but juvenile C. sapidus primarily recruit into shallow salt marshes. Sex ratios of C. similis and C. sapidus were generally skewed towards higher proportions of males than females. Callinectes similis appears to have a life cycle similar to that of C. sapidus. Egg-carrying C. similis migrate to higher salinity waters and presumably release larvae to nearshore shelf waters; following development, the larvae re-invade estuaries as megalopae. Juvenile C. similis grow more slowly than C. sapidus. This may be attributable to reduced feeding rates. Marked differences in fecundity and reproductive effort were found between these species. Callinectes similis and C. sapidus , respectively, produced 2.4–5.5 times 10⁵ and 2.1–3.2 times 10⁶ eggs and invested 24–49 and 171–372 kJ per brood. Rhizocephalan barnacle infestation by Loxothylacus texanus was encountered in C. sapidus , while sympatric C. similis were free of this rhizocephalan parasite.     

东太平洋海盆多金属结核生长历史的重建

依据多金属结核ＣＣＣ１４剖面上Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ的含量和有关的公式，本文计算该结核生长过程中瞬时生长速率和Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ的瞬时通量，并在结核中建立时间标尺，划分和对比结核生长阶段，重建结核ＣＣＣ１４８．７９３Ｍａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．以来的生长历史。研究结果表明，采用由铁、锰含量计算结核生长速率的公式，可详细了解结核生长过程，并能识别与提取强核中古海洋信息记录。     

Citation Impacts of AAG Presidential Addresses

The American Association of Geographers (AAG) president's annual address is considered an important statement about how she or he views the state of the discipline or one's research specialties. Building on previous studies on journal and individual impacts, this study measures the impacts of addresses using Google Scholar data and the Web of Science score. Using these data I classify the addresses into three distinct categories: alpha, beta, and gamma. The results reveal wide and substantial differences in Scholar ratings and Web of Science scores. A few have very high ratings, but many more are in the gamma category. Addresses by women and men presidents that promote new fields of study, extend geographic research to interdisciplinary audiences, and encourage the topics and frameworks of existing fields have higher ratings than those that appeal to more specialized audiences.     

A multilaminate constitutive model accounting for anisotropic small strain stiffness

In this paper an extension of existing multilaminate soil models is presented, which can account for inherent and stress‐induced cross‐anisotropic elasticity in the small strain range and its dependency on the load history. In the multilaminate framework, material behaviour is formulated on a number of local planes in each stress point, and the macroscopic response of the material is obtained by integration of the local contributions. Strain‐induced anisotropy, which adds to the stiffness anisotropy inherently present in the material, is therefore intrinsically taken into account. Micro–macro relations between local parameters on plane level and global parameters on macroscopic level are obtained by the spectral decomposition of the global elastic compliance matrix. The model is implemented into a finite‐element code, and model predictions are compared with experimental data of triaxial tests on different soils involving small and large load cycles. The importance of cross‐anisotropic elasticity within the small strain range for predicting ground deformations in geotechnical boundary value problems is discussed at the example of an excavation problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of environmental factors on the abundance and recruitment of the sand crab Emerita analoga (Stimpson 1857): Source–sink dynamics?

The sandcrab Emerita analoga is the dominant species inhabiting sandy beaches along the Pacific coast of the American continent. In our study, 10 sandy beaches were sampled seasonally from 2006 to 2011, including coastal planktonic sampling from 2006 to 2008. Two major population cores were detected, the first one in the northern part of the study area and the second in the area immediately to the south of the Itata River mouth. Zoeal stages were found along the entire coastal zone. Highest densities and recruitment were found during spring and summer of each year. PLS regression indicated that source–sink habitat proxies correlated positively with morphodynamic parameters; while beach slope and total organic matter were negatively correlated. These results agree with the source–sink hypothesis, finding higher densities of adults, recruits and cohort recurrence on open coast beaches with milder physical dynamics. Furthermore, a hypoxic event and a mega-earthquake/tsunami negatively affected recruitment at the inter-annual scale.     

The geotectonic characteristics and geodynamic evolution of the Red Sea Rift and its adjacent areasSCIEI北大核心CSCD

红海是地球上最年轻的大洋,其板块构造活动正处于威尔逊旋回的幼年期。红海南北两端分别连接着威尔逊旋回的胚胎期和终结期,即东非大裂谷和地中海。这一独特的地理位置和构造部位使其成为板块构造理论研究的圣地。本文通过对已有的地质、地球物理和地球化学资料进行综合分析,了解了红海地区的地形、重磁异常和沿脊的玄武岩地球化学组成等地质构造特征,探讨了红海裂谷的洋壳分布、地幔源区不均一性以及扩张演化历史等问题。红海地形中间深、南北两端浅,可以分为北、中北、中南、南等四段。重磁异常的条带主要出现在中南段,其他段不明显,因而限制了以往对红海扩张历史的认识。目前认为红海全段存在洋壳,红海两岸的沿岸悬崖是共轭扩张陆缘,呈向南开口的喇叭型扩张,而非对应红海岸线的梭子型。红海裂谷沿脊的地幔源区具有明显的不均一性,南段玄武岩显示E-MORB特征,表现为阿法尔地幔柱的影响。红海的发育经历了裂谷前火山作用(31~29Ma)、大陆张裂(29~13Ma)和洋底扩张(<13Ma)三个主要阶段。红海裂谷的形成演化与非洲大陆的裂解、阿法尔地幔柱的活动、新特提斯洋的闭合等密切相关,了解红海的地球动力学过程将为揭示区域大地构造演化以及板块运动规律提供依据。     

Salinity on the southeastern Dundas Tableland,Victoria

Historical evidence of early salinity, vegetation and landuse changes, and pedological studies have been used in formulating a new model for salinity processes acting on the Dundas Tableland in southwestern Victoria. Contrary to previous assumptions, salinity in this area was a feature of the pre‐European landscape and was noted in the earliest surveys and journals. Analysis of historical records show an initial post‐settlement increase in the tree numbers, followed by a rapid decline much later than previously assumed. Accumulation of salts in the regolith may be attributed to marine incursions during the Miocene and Pliocene, the extensive weathering to develop a deep regolith, and wind‐blown and cyclic salt accumulation. A trend analysis of historical streamflow and bore hydrograph records does not indicate rising groundwater levels. The pedological features of duplex and sodic soil profiles support a history of prolonged seasonal waterlogging. A model with seasonal lateral flow of water through the upper regolith can better account for the spread of salinity than the rising groundwater hypothesis. By control of waterlogging, land managers could improve soil structure, enhance root growth and soil water use, as well as inhibit the spread of salinity.     

加拿大Slave 克拉通橄榄岩的平衡温压计算

加拿大Slave克拉通Jericho金伯利岩筒携带的橄榄岩包体提供了研究大陆岩石圈地幔物质组成和热结构的窗口。文章总结了地幔岩矿物温压计的研究进展,测量了Jericho金伯利岩携带的9个新鲜橄榄岩包体的矿物主量元素和微量元素,并使用不同的矿物温压计估算了平衡温度和压力。结果表明Nickel 和 Green（1985）的石榴子石—斜方辉石压力计可以较好地估算含石榴子石橄榄岩形成时的压力,Taylor（1998）二辉石温度计和Nimis 和 Taylor（2000）单斜辉石温度计的计算结果一致。具有粗粒变晶结构的尖晶石—石榴子石橄榄岩和石榴子石橄榄岩样品的平衡温度为575~843℃,压力为2.4~3.6 GPa,表明Slave克拉通岩石圈地幔温度较低。而残斑结构尖晶石—石榴子石二辉橄榄岩的平衡温度1109℃,压力为5.0 GPa,来源深度为~156 km,可能被早期金伯利岩浆携带到岩石圈地幔中部冷却,然后再被侏罗纪喷发的Jericho金伯利岩筒带到地表。使用石榴子石—单斜辉石稀土元素温压计获得的平衡温度高于主量元素温度计的结果,表明Slave克拉通岩石圈地幔经历了逐渐冷却的过程。此外,Slave克拉通浅部的尖晶石橄榄岩保留了强烈亏损的早期岩石圈地幔特征,而下部的岩石圈地幔经历了金伯利岩熔体和硅酸盐熔体的交代作用。