罗源湾海水中粪大肠菌群的分布和年际变化

本文于2003年1月到2005年12月对罗源湾海区表层海水中的粪大肠菌群数量和分布进行了调查监测。监测结果表明：罗源湾表层海水中粪大肠菌群的数量在〈2～540个／100mL之间,3年中月平均高值出现在8到10月份,低值出现在1到4月份,且年平均值呈逐年递增。原因分析发现,影响湾内海水中FCB的月平均值数量变化的最主要因素是降水量。另外通过多点采样结果比较,发现罗源湾表层海水中FCB的空间分布呈现为：湾内腹海区〉湾中间海区〉湾口海区。通过国家海水水质标准（GB3097-1997）对本次的调查监测结果进行评价,从2003年到2005年罗源湾海区海水中粪大肠菌群的达标率分别为100％,98．0％和97．9％,表明罗源湾海区表层海水的FCB污染相对较轻。     

Rapid Determination of Trace and Ultra Trace Level Elements in Diverse Silicate Rocks in Pressed Powder Pellet Targets by LA‐ICP‐MS using a Matrix‐Independent Protocol

A simple, single sample preparation involving pressed rock powder pellets was utilised to determine the trace and ultra trace abundances of petrogenetically important elements including high field‐strength elements and REEs by laser ablation‐ICP‐MS. One of the elements predetermined by XRF spectrometry served as an internal standard. The influence of sample preparation parameters (grain size, pellet compactness and amount of binding media) on analytical performance was also investigated, including sample homogeneity issues at the laser sampling scale. Line scanning with a high repetition frequency (20 Hz) and large beam diameter (200 μm) ensured ablation from a larger sample surface area, eliminating issues related to sample heterogeneity. A median grain size of about 10 μm for silicate rock powders was found to be sufficiently representative at this scale of laser sampling. Granitic rocks or samples containing resistant minerals such as zircon needed extra grinding to achieve grain sizes down to < 5 μm for better precision for elements that are concentrated in these phases. Using ¹³⁷Ba as an internal standard, reasonable accuracies within 15–20% for most of the high mass trace elements were achieved; in the case of low mass elements, it may deviate up to 40%. Precision of measurements rarely exceeded 15% RSD.     

粉末压片-波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定金矿型构造叠加晕样品中18种次量元素

金矿床型构造叠加晕样品中的砷锑铋银锡钨等金属元素含量对金矿多期次多阶段成矿具有指示意义。此类样品采集于金矿中,样品各元素含量范围大,从克吨级至百分之几,分布也不均匀。采用常规的检测方法分析时,存在元素间干扰不易消除、记忆效应严重等问题。本文建立了粉末压片-波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定金矿型构造叠加晕样品中砷锑铋等18种次量元素的定量分析方法。通过研究角度扫描图,选择了干扰少、强度高的分析线;充分混匀样品,消除了偏析效应;选用与样品基体类似的国家标准样品建立工作曲线,通过数学校正和内标法校正了谱线重叠干扰和基体效应。方法检出限为0. 14～2. 23μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)小于4%。本方法可快速、准确地测定金矿床型构造叠加晕样品中各元素的含量。     

颗粒材料的堆积密度与均匀性研究进展

颗粒是一种常见的工业与工程材料,其堆积密度与均匀性是影响产品和工程质量的重要因素。本文全面回顾和总结了国内外学者在颗粒堆积密度和均匀性方面的研究成果和最新进展。结果表明,颗粒材料的堆积密度与颗粒自身性质（颗粒大小、形状、表面粗糙度等）、容器性质（容器尺寸、形状和内表面粗糙度等）、堆积方法（下落高度、振动条件、装料强度和装填顺序等）、粒径比和粒径级配有关;堆积不均匀性（离析程度）随颗粒粒径差异、密度差异和振动加速度的增大而增大,随粒径范围、粒组数量和振动频率的增大而减小,而受颗粒形状的影响相对较小。对于作为高放废物深地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的膨润土颗粒,科学、高效的颗粒原位填充技术是今后值得深入研究的方向。     

Impacts of a raw sewage spill on water and sediment quality in an urbanized estuary

A sewer main serving a large municipal wastewater system ruptured, discharging approximately 3,000,000 gallons (11,355,000 L) of raw human sewage into a multi-branched tidal creek estuary along the US East Coast. The biochemical oxygen demand caused severe hypoxia in the system, causing a large fish kill. The sewage load led to high fecal coliform bacteria concentrations in the creek (maximum of 270,000 CFU 100ml(-1)), which declined in an approximate logarithmic manner over the first few days. The spill caused elevated sediment fecal coliform bacteria and enterococcus counts that declined much more gradually than water column counts. Persistence of relatively high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria in sediments for several weeks after the spill suggests that sediment sampling should be included in response to major sewage spills. The high concentration of nutrients in the spilled sewage led to several algal blooms. However, nutrient concentrations in the water column declined rapidly, demonstrating the value of conserving marshes because of their pollutant filtration function.     

Seabirds indicate changes in the composition of plastic litter in the Atlantic and south-western Indian Oceans

I compare plastic ingested by five species of seabirds sampled in the 1980s and again in 1999-2006. The numbers of ingested plastic particles have not changed significantly, but the proportion of virgin pellets has decreased 44-79% in all five species: great shearwater Puffinus gravis, white-chinned petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis, broad-billed prion Pachyptila vittata, white-faced storm petrel Pelagodroma marina and white-bellied storm petrel Fregetta grallaria. The populations sampled range widely in the South Atlantic and western Indian Oceans. The most marked reduction occurred in great shearwaters, where the average number of pellets per bird decreased from 10.5 to 1.6. This species migrates between the South and North Atlantic each year. Similar decreases in virgin pellets have been recorded in short-tailed shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris in the Pacific Ocean and northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea. More data are needed on the relationship between plastic loads in seabirds and the density of plastic at sea in their foraging areas, but the consistent decrease in pellets in birds suggests there has been a global change in the composition of small plastic debris at sea over the last two decades.     

Application of food waste based diets in polyculture of low trophic level fish: Effects on fish growth,water quality and plankton density

Food waste was collected from local hotels and fish feed pellets were produced for a 6 months long field feeding trial. Three types of fish feed pellets (control diet: Jinfeng® 613 formulated feed, contains mainly fish meal, plant product and fish oil; Diet A: food waste based diet without meat and 53% cereal; Diet B: food waste based diet with 25% meat and 28% cereal) were used in polyculture fish ponds to investigate the growth of fish (grass carp, bighead and mud carp), changes in water quality and plankton density. No significant differences in the levels of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds of water body were observed between 3 fish ponds after the half-year feeding trial, while pond receiving Diet A had the highest density of plankton. The food waste combination of Diet B seems to be a better formulation in terms of the overall performance on fish growth.     

Impact de la vie benthique sur la genèse de nodules calcaires dans les black shales

The study of calcareous nodules from four organic-rich black shale series allows us to suggest a prominent part for benthic organisms in creating heterogeneities in the sediment, thus favouring microbially mediated early diagenesis based on organic matter consumption. To cite this article: J.-G. Bréhéret et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Microbial water quality of the Georgian coastal zone of the Black Sea

From 2006 to 2008, microbial water quality was monitored along the Georgian coast of the Black Sea. Temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were measured, along with a variety of aquatic microbial parameters, including heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total culturable bacterial count (TCBC), and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration. Total and fecal coliforms and total enterococci counts were recorded as indicators of fecal pollution. Vibrio bacteria, and Escherichia coli- and Vibrio-specific bacteriophages were isolated and enumerated to determine their relationships to standard marine pollution indicators.Persistent microbial pollution was observed, particularly in the summer months, with a higher rate of contamination in estuaries. Microbial indicators generally showed seasonal dependence, suggesting that temperature may influence bacterial dynamics in this environment. No correlation was apparent between fecal pollution indicators and physical-chemical and aquatic microbial parameters, although there were significant relationships amongst the indicators themselves, as well as with the prevalence of Vibrio bacteria and phage.