胶西北焦家断裂带成矿后断裂活动对焦家式金矿破坏作用及找矿方向探讨

本文以焦家断裂带深部上盘发现金矿体的地质事实为依据，将焦家断裂在成矿后对矿体的破坏作用作为讨论重点，根据现今焦家断裂上、下盘金矿体以断层泥为界，有被错断的明显特征，指出发育在焦家断裂主断裂面中的断层泥为成矿后断裂活动的产物。依据上、下盘金矿在矿石类型、围岩蚀变、矿石矿物、成矿阶段等方面具有极为相似一致特征，提出在117.69~121 Ma成矿期，焦家断裂带中的上、下盘蚀变岩型金矿统一形成于深度3~9 km之间成矿期的焦家断裂带中，二者在成矿时具有时、空上的完全统一性。受焦家断裂总体正断层效应影响，现今焦家断裂深部新发现的上盘金矿（化）体应为下盘金矿（化）体被错断的部分。     

Fault kinematic and Plio-Quaternary paleostress evolution of the Bakırçay Basin,Western Turkey

ABSTRACT

At the end of the Cenozoic, western Turkey was fragmented by intense intra-continental tectonic deformation resulting in the formation of two extensional areas: a transtensional pull-apart basin systems in the northwest, and graben systems in the central and southwest areas. The question of the connection of this Late Cenozoic extensional tectonics to plate kinematics has long been an issue of discussion. This study presents the results of the fault slip data collected in Bak?rçay Basin in the west of Turkey and addresses changes in the direction of extensional stresses over the Plio-Quaternary. Field observations and quantitative analysis show that Bak?rçay Basin is not a simple graben basin that has evolved during a single phase. It started as a graben basin with extensional regime in the Pliocene and was transformed into a pull-apart basin under the influence of transtensional forces during the Quaternary. A chronology of two successive extensional episodes has been established and provides reasoning to constrain the timing and location of subduction-related back-arc tectonics along the Aegean region and collision-related extrusion tectonics in Turkey. The first NW–SE trending extension occurred during the Pliocene extensional phase, characterized by slab rollback and progressive steepening of the northward subduction of the African plate under the Anatolian Plate. Western Turkey has been affected, during the Middle Quaternary, by regional subsidence, and the direction of extension changed to N–S, probably in relation with the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault System. Since the Late Quaternary, NE–SW extension dominates northwest Turkey and results in the formation and development of elongated transtensional basin systems. Counterclockwise rotation of Anatolian block which is bounded to the north by the right-lateral strike-slip North Anatolian Fault System, accompanies to this extensional phase.     

Geochemical signature of orogenic hydrothermal activity in an active tectonic intersection zone,Alpine Fault,New Zealand

A highly faulted and fractured rock mass has developed at the intersection of the Alpine and Hope faults, two major active faults in the South Island, New Zealand. The Alpine Fault is an oblique dextral reverse fault at the late Cenozoic-Recent Pacific-Australian plate boundary. The Hope Fault is a strike-slip fault parallel to the plate convergence vector. Hydrothermal fluids driven by the active tectonic processes have passed through the fractured rock mass, causing localised rock alteration and vein formation. Mylonites in the Alpine Fault zone are crosscut by cm-scale veins of quartz and/or ankerite with minor sulphides, with cemented breccias in dilational jogs. Breccia clasts and immediate (cm-scale) host rocks have been variably impregnated with carbonates and quartz. This generation of veins, breccias and altered rocks is post-dated by cataclasite and fault gouge zones which have been cemented by calcite, illite, smectite and chamosite. Ankerite and calcite have ¹⁸O between +10 and +30, and ¹³C between 0 and –8. These minerals are inferred to have formed from water with variable components of both meteoric and crustally exchanged fluid. Rock alteration associated with ankerite–quartz veins has added arsenic (up to 200 ppm As), strontium, and some Y to the rocks. Host-rock mylonites (<2 ppm As) have been depleted in arsenic compared to their precursors (5–15 ppm As). This depletion of arsenic in the middle crust provides the source for arsenic in shallower-level vein systems.Editorial handling: N. White     

Plio-Pleistocene transpressional reactivation of Paleozoic and Paleogene structures in the Rhine-Bresse transform zone (northern Switzerland and eastern France)

Pliocene to recent uplift and shortening in the southern Rhinegraben is documented by deformation of Pliocene fluvial gravels, deposited on a nearly planar surface, as well as by progressive deflection and capture of rivers. This deformation is suggested to result from thick-skinned tectonic movements as evidenced by observations on seismic records, which demonstrate a spatial coincidence between en-échelon anticlines at the surface and faults located in the crystalline basement. These findings contradict the often invoked thin-skinned tectonism in the recent tectonic history of the Rhinegraben. In particular the transfer zone between the Rhinegraben and the Bressegraben is very suitable for reactivation under the present day stress field. Thick-skinned reactivation of faults in the basement is also expressed by focal plane mechanisms of recent earthquakes showing strike-slip- rather than reverse faulting characteristics. This is of importance for the densely populated and industrialised southern Rhinegraben, previously affected by large earthquakes in historical times (e.g. Basel 1356).     

鲜水河断裂带北段GPS测量及其运动特征

鲜水河GPS监测网由18个沿鲜水河断裂带分布的点组成．1991年对该网进行了首次观测,1996和2000年进行了两期整网复测．本利用该网199l和2000年的二期GPS观测资料结合川西地区20世纪70年代以来的常规大地测量资料,计算给出了这一强震活动带现今运动图像：由测区的北西虾拉沱测点到南东的乾宁测点水平位移速率逐渐增大,而断层两盘的相对运动不明显．表明利用短边GPS测量可有效监视活动断裂带两侧一定区域的地壳运动．对比有形变测量资料以来川西地区6级以上地震分布的特点,认为可根据鲜水河断裂带断层两盘的相对运动和跨越断层的地壳整体运动的强弱这两种运动图像来研究区域强震的活动特征．     

Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology to the Study of Desertification of Arable Lands in North Shaanxi, China

The policy of the Chinese government concerning the horizontal expansion of the cultivated land through the reclamation of desert soils result in a total increase of 665. 985 km^2 during the period 1987-1999 in North Shaanxi. This increase is less than the loss in arable land by urbanization. The accelerated rate of change in agricultural areas calls for more rapid surveys of urbanization and loss of arable land. Remote sensing has a number of advantages over ground-based methods for such surveys. The multi-scale concept of remote sensing data help us study the problem in four towns. Several maps were produced to analyze the situation of urban coverage in different times. The evaluation of the status, rate and risk of urbanization are based on an accepted average of urban increase as 2% of population growth per year.     

Discontinuity of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault low-velocity zone, central Japan, inferred from 3-D finite-difference simulation of fault zone waves excited by explosive sources

We delineate shallow structures of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault, central Japan, using fault zone waves generated by near-surface explosions and detected by a seismometer array. Two explosive sources, S1 and S2, were placed at a distance of about 2 km from the array, and the other two, S3 and S4, were at a distance of about 4 km. Fault zone head waves and fault zone trapped waves following direct P wave arrivals were clearly identified in the seismograms recorded by a linear seismometer array deployed across the fault in a research tunnel at a depth of 300 m. Synthetic waveforms generated by a 3-D finite-difference (3-D FD) method were compared with observed fault zone waves up to 25 Hz. The best fitting model indicates a 200-m-wide low-velocity zone extending at least to shot site S1 located 2 km east of the seismic array with a 20% decrease in the P wave velocity relative to the wall rock. The width of the low-velocity zone is consistent with the fault zone defined by direct geological observation in the research tunnel. However, the low-velocity zone should disappear just to the east of the site S1 to explain the observed fault zone waves for shot S3 and S4 located 4 km east of the seismometer array. Yet the observation and the simulation show notable trapped wave excitation even though shots S3 and S4 are outside the fault zone. These results indicate that (1) the effective waveguide for seismic waves along the fault does not exist east of source site S1 although the surface traces of the fault are observed in this region, and (2) considerable trapped waves can be excited by sources well outside the fault zone. These results highlight the along-strike variability in fault zone structure.     

Gas permeability evolution of cataclasite and fault gouge in triaxial compression and implications for changes in fault-zone permeability structure through the earthquake cycle

We report the results of permeability measurements of fault gouge and tonalitic cataclasite from the fault zone of the Median Tectonic Line, Ohshika, central Japan, carried out during triaxial compression tests. The experiments revealed marked effects of deformation on the permeability of the specimens. Permeability of fault gouge decreases rapidly by about two orders of magnitude during initial loading and continues to decrease slowly during further inelastic deformation. The drop in permeability during initial loading is much smaller for cataclasite than for gouge, followed by abrupt increase upon failure, and the overall change in permeability correlates well with change in volumetric strain, i.e., initial, nearly elastic contraction followed by dilatancy upon the initiation of inelastic deformation towards specimen failure. If cemented cataclasite suffers deformation prior to or during an earthquake, a cataclasite zone may change into a conduit for fluid flow. Fault gouge zones, however, are unlikely to switch to very permeable zones upon the initiation of fault slip. Thus, overall permeability structure of a fault may change abruptly prior to or during earthquakes and during the interseismic period. Fault gouge and cataclasite have internal angles of friction of about 36° and 45°, respectively, as is typical for brittle rocks.     

Development of fluid conduits in the auriferous shear zones of the Hutti Gold Mine, India: evidence for spatially and temporally heterogeneous fluid flow

The gold mineralization of the Hutti Mine is hosted by nine parallel, N–S trending, steeply dipping, 2–10 m wide shear zones, that transect Archaean amphibolites. The shear zones were formed after peak metamorphism during retrograde ductile D₂ shearing in the lower amphibolite facies. They were reactivated in the lower to mid greenschist facies by brittle–ductile D₃ shearing and intense quartz veining. The development of a S₂–S₃ crenulation cleavage facilitates the discrimination between the two deformation events and contemporaneous alteration and gold mineralization. Ductile D₂ shearing is associated with a pervasively developed distal chlorite–sericite alteration assemblage in the outer parts of the shear zones and the proximal biotite–plagioclase alteration in the center of the shear zones. D₃ is characterized by development of the inner chlorite-K-feldspar alteration, which forms a centimeter-scale alteration halo surrounding the laminated quartz veins and replaces earlier biotite along S₃. The average size of the laminated vein systems is 30–50 m along strike as well as down-dip and 2–6 m in width.Mass balance calculations suggest strong metasomatic changes for the proximal biotite–plagioclase alteration yielding mass and volume increase of ca. 16% and 12%, respectively. The calculated mass and volume changes of the distal chlorite–sericite alteration (ca. 11%, ca. 8%) are lower. The decrease in δ¹⁸O values of the whole rock from around 7.5‰ for the host rocks to 6–7‰ for the distal chlorite–sericite and the proximal biotite–plagioclase alteration and around 5‰ for the inner chlorite-K-feldspar alteration suggests hydrothermal alteration during two-stage deformation and fluid flow.The ductile D₂ deformation in the lower amphibolite facies has provided grain scale porosities by microfracturing. The pervasive, steady-state fluid flow resulted in a disseminated style of gold–sulfide mineralization and a penetrative alteration of the host rocks. Alternating ductile and brittle D₃ deformation during lower to mid greenschist facies conditions followed the fault-valve process. Ductile creep in the shear zones resulted in a low permeability environment leading to fluid pressure build-up. Strongly episodic fluid advection and mass transfer was controlled by repeated seismic fracturing during the formation of laminated quartz(-gold) veins. The limitation of quartz veins to the extent of earlier shear zones indicate the importance of pre-existing anisotropies for fault-valve action and economic gold mineralization.     

加拿大人口发展的空间差异及其变化

本文主要根据2001年加拿大人口普查资料，分析加拿大人口发展空间差异的变化。加拿大人口总量已从20世纪初的快速增长，转为20世纪末的缓慢增长。人口主要分布于国土南部的大中城市，但大城市中心区人口增速低于边缘区、与新兴城市形成对比。目前，加拿大人口已严重老龄化，并在探索采取各种措施缓解老龄化所带来的各种社会压力。