Miocene provenance change in Himalayan foreland basin and Bengal Fan sediments,with special reference to detrital garnet chemistry

Bengal Fan Miocene sediments were collected during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 354 and investigated using petrographic and detrital garnet chemistry analyses. The Miocene Siwalik Group, which is composed of sediments deposited in the Himalayan foreland basin, was also analyzed for comparison with the Bengal Fan data for the provenance change during the Miocene. Our petrographic analyses revealed that the Miocene sediments of the Bengal Fan and Siwalik Group consist predominantly of Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC)-derived detritus such as chloritoid, staurolite, sillimanite, and/or kyanite, which appear among the accessory minerals. The chemistry of the detrital garnet varies across the stratigraphy; most of the garnet is rich in almandine and poor in spessartine and pyrope. However, pyrope-rich garnet, which is considered to originate from the HHC core (granulite facies), was found in the lower to upper Miocene deposits. The deposition of HHC-derived detrital garnet began before the Middle Miocene (15 Ma) and before the Late Miocene (10–9 Ma) in the Siwalik Group. The Bengal Fan data, by contrast, indicated that pyrope-rich garnet appeared in the Early Miocene (17.3 Ma) and Late Miocene (8.5–6.5 Ma). We conclude that the Bengal Fan sediments record the erosion of the HHC zone since the Early Miocene that appears in the Siwalik sediments. Furthermore, we found that the HHC-derived inputs decreased from the late Middle Miocene (12 Ma) to the early Middle Miocene (10 Ma) in both the Nepal Himalaya foreland basin and the Bengal Fan. The disappearance of the HHC-derived detritus is probably the result of dilution by Lesser Himalayan detritus, which suggests that the Lesser Himalayan zone, which is composed of metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks, was uplifted.     

云南西盟阿莫锡矿成矿流体特征及矿床成因

对阿莫锡矿床成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、成矿流体的成分、酸碱度、硫逸度等物理化学条件的分析研究表明,阿莫锡矿床主要赋存于西盟群永龙组下段片岩和大黑山组上段变粒岩中,有明显的层控性质;成矿物质主要来源于隐伏花岗岩体;成矿流体由弱碱性向弱酸性演化,并经历了迁移、沸腾、沉淀的过程,显示多组分、高盐度、高矿化剂等特征.主要成矿阶段包裹体均一温度集中于380 ～430℃之间,成矿深度约3.9 km,流体密度为0.89 ～0.98g/cm3,流体盐度35％,矿床成因类型属于高温气成热液锡矿床.     

云南泸水外岩房锡钨矿床地质特征

锡钨矿体产于志本山岩体外接触带、上寒武统核桃坪组下段砂板岩层间破碎带的蚀变闪长—辉长岩脉带中,少数矿体产于岩体内接触带上.矿床成因属于与混合岩化后期派生岩浆有关的高—中温热液矿床.     

云南双江大亮山金矿控矿因素及成因分析

矿体赋存于韧性剪切带,矿化带近南北向分布,为岩浆期后中—低温热液通过富集作用形成的微粒、浸染型金矿.     

新疆坡北-笔架山地区基性-超基性岩铜镍矿成矿规律

新疆坡北-笔架山位于北山裂谷带内,发育较复杂的地层、构造和岩浆岩,该地区是新疆铜镍矿重要成矿远景区.该区与基性-超基性岩型有关的铜镍矿床有:坡十铜镍矿床、坡一铜镍矿床、红石山铜镍矿床等.通过对区域成矿地质背景、典型矿床特征、成矿规律总结,建立与基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍矿矿床成矿模式及区域成矿模式.     

Calcium and Magnesium‐bearing Sabugalite from the Tono Uranium Deposit,Central Japan

Calcium and magnesium‐bearing sabugalite occurs as aggregations of yellowish platy crystals in veinlets or druses in conglomerate from the oxidized parts of the Tono uranium deposit, Central Japan. X‐ray powder diffractometry of this mineral has reflections consistent with previous powder diffraction data of sabugalite. It is included in the monoclinic system with space group C2/m and calculated cell parameters of a = 19.68Å, b = 9.89Å, c = 9.82Å α = γ = 90°, β‐96.93° and V = 1897.83ų. Chemical analysis yields a formula of (Ca_0.10 Mg_0.09)_Σ0.19Al_0.53(UO₂)_2.04((PO₄)_1.99(AsO₄)_0.01)_Σ2.00·11.22H₂O. EMPA mapping shows that the mineral is compositionally uniform with no micron‐scale layering. Charge of cations including Ca and Mg in the cation‐H₂O layer is 1.98 being identical to that of autunite group minerals. This suggests that the charge balance in the cation‐H₂O layer of the mineral could be made by the alkaline earth or alkaline elements rather than by hydrogen ions.     

Fuzzy outranking approach: A knowledge-driven method for mineral prospectivity mapping

This paper describes the application of a new multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique called fuzzy outranking to map prospectivity for porphyry CuMo deposits. Various raster-based evidential layers involving geological, geophysical, and geochemical geo-data sets are integrated for mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM). In a case study, 13 layers of the Now Chun deposit located in the Kerman province of Iran are used to explore the region of interest. The outputs are validated using 21 boreholes drilled in this area. Comparison of the output prospectivity map with concentrations of Cu and Mo in the boreholes indicates that the fuzzy outranking MCDM is a useful tool for MPM. The proposed method shows a high performance for MPM thereby reducing the cost of exploratory drilling in the study area.     

A JÖKULHLAUP FROM A LAURENTIAN CAPTURED ICE SHELF TO THE GULF OF MEXICO COULD HAVE CAUSED THE BØLLING WARMING

Since the rapid rate of global warming at the onset of the Bølling interstadial became evident, its cause has been under debate. It coincides closely in time with a strong global transgression called meltwater pulse 1a. One attempt at solution says that a meltwater pulse of Antarctic origin could cause an increase in North Atlantic Deep Water formation, and thus give rise to the Bølling interstadial. However, others have disputed that Antarctic meltwater would have that effect, and furthermore, the start of the Bølling interstadial is not even associated with an increase in North Atlantic Deep Water. A controversial hypothesis says that some Laurentian meltwater came from a jökulhlaup (sub-glacial outburst flood), but no study has yet shown unequivocally that sufficient amounts of water could be stored under the ice. Furthermore, according to all available data a melt-water pulse from the Laurentian ice would give rise to strong cooling, not warming. Nevertheless, meg-afloods appear instrumental in accumulating the Mississippi Fan, created entirely during the Quaternary period, and dramatic climate changes are characteristic of this period. This paper presents a hypothetical chain of events, building on the published literature and simple calculations, to investigate whether the order of magnitude is reasonable. The hypothesis is that a jökulhlaup from a Laurentian captured ice shelf flowed out through the Mississippi, boosted the Gulf Stream, reinvigorated the North Atlantic circulation, and as a result triggered the Bølling warm phase.     

The effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere in the collision zone between Arabia and Eurasia in Iran

The effective elastic thickness, T_e, has been calculated in the collision zone between Arabia and Eurasia in Iran from the wavelet coherence. The wavelet coherence is calculated from Bouguer anomalies and topography data using the isotropic fan wavelet method, and gives T_e values between 14.2 and 62.2 km. The lower value is found in the Central Iranian Blocks and the East Iranian Belt which are bounded by several large strike-slip faults with lithospheric origin. The higher value occurs in the east of the South Caspian Sea Basin. The resulting T_e map shows positive and negative correlation with shear wave velocity and surface heat flow, respectively. A comparison between the seismogenic thickness (T_s) and T_e in Iran suggests that T_e > T_s. Results of the load ratio in Iran indicate that in most of the study area surface loads are much more prevalent than subsurface loads, except in the Central Iranian Blocks and NW of Iran. Intermediate to low T_e values in Iran were inherited from multiple rifting and orogenic activities from Late Precambrian (∼650 Ma) to present day which are not only reflected in thin and warm lithosphere but also an increasing seismicity rate.     

黑龙江省五星Cu-Ni-Pt-Pd矿床的PGE-Au元素地球化学特征与成因探讨

对黑龙江省东部五星Cu-Ni-Pt-Pd矿床的矿体和与成矿有关的镁铁质杂岩的PGE-Au以及铁族、亲铜元素的地球化学特征研究表明：它们均以亏损Cr、IPGE和富集Ni、Co、Cu、Pt和Pd（Pt