上扬子地台南缘早志留世埃隆期碳酸盐岩岩石学特征及沉积环境

上扬子地台南缘早志留世埃隆期发育的碳酸盐岩,近期揭示具有较好的油气勘探前景,但有关该套岩层的岩石学特征及其沉积环境研究需要进一步深入。论文以野外地质剖面和室内薄片鉴定为基础,对上扬子地台南缘早志留世埃隆期碳酸盐岩开展系统的岩石颗粒组分、岩石类型和沉积环境分析。发现早志留世埃隆期碳酸盐岩颗粒类型主要为生物碎屑,含少量内碎屑与鲕粒;根据曾允孚先生等的碳酸盐岩结构成因分类方案,该地区碳酸盐岩主要有7种类型:包括亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶生物屑灰岩、珊瑚礁灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩、砂屑-生物屑微晶灰岩、微晶砂屑灰岩和微晶灰岩。根据岩石学特征和野外露头分析,认为在早志留世埃隆期研究区从早期到晚期沉积环境经历了碳酸盐缓坡到碳酸盐台地的转变,并发育了外缓坡、内缓坡、台地边缘斜坡、台地边缘滩、台地边缘生物礁、开阔台地等亚相。以三级层序为编图单元,揭示了礁滩沉积区域展布特征,生物礁滩体主要发育于SQ2层序,具有环带状展布的特征。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷深层砂岩储层中碳酸盐胶结作用及成因探讨

通过各类薄片显微镜下鉴定与定量统计,阴极发光、扫描电镜、电子探针、碳、氧及锶同位素、流体包裹体均一温度测试等分析,开展了白云凹陷深水区珠江组和珠海组砂岩储层中碳酸盐胶结物的类型与期次、地球化学特征、成因机制研究。结果显示,存在三期碳酸盐胶结作用,早期主要为方解石,以高Ca、低Fe、低Mg为特征。但珠江组早期碳酸盐胶结物的同位素组成(δ~(13)C_(PDB):-2.43‰~0.29‰,δ~(18)OPDB:-9.79‰~-3.08‰,87 Sr/86Sr:0.7084~0.7109)与珠海组(δ~(13)C_(PDB):-9.37‰~-8.13‰,δ~(18)OPDB:-7.11‰~-7.09‰,87Sr/86Sr:0.7138~0.7142)有一定差异,前者是在浅埋藏阶段从碳酸盐过饱和碱性海水介质中沉淀出的产物;后者与碳酸盐过饱和的碱性淡水有关。中期主要为铁方解石,以高Ca、较高Fe、低Mg、碳和锶同位素组成变化范围较大(δ~(13)C_(PDB):-20.88‰~-5.29‰,δ~(18)OPDB:-11.1‰~-8.99‰,87Sr/86Sr:0.7093~0.7151)为特征,其部分碳源与有机酸脱羧作用产生的CO_2有关,另一部分碳源(δ~(13)C_(PDB):-5.38‰~-5.29‰)可能与深部物质有关。形成碳酸盐胶结物所需的Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+等离子来源于砂岩中长石等碎屑的溶蚀、黏土矿物的转化以及深部热液流体。晚期主要为铁白云石(δ~(13)C_(PDB):-2.83‰~-1.83‰,δ~(18)OPDB:-9.45‰~-5.77‰,87Sr/86Sr:0.7101~0.7162),以高Fe、高Mg、较低Ca、碳同位素组成与同期海水基本一致为特征,87Sr/86Sr值低于正常成岩演化形成的碳酸盐,该期碳酸盐胶结物的形成与砂岩中生物碎屑以及先期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀再沉淀有关,部分可能受到深部热液流体的影响。     

Geochemical Characteristics and Genetic Types of Natural Gas in the Xinchang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, SW China

The molecular compositions and stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Xinchang gas field in the Sichuan Basin were investigated to determine the genetic types. The natural gas is mainly composed of methane (88.99%–98.01%), and the dryness coefficient varies between 0.908 and 0.997. The gas generally displays positive alkane carbon and hydrogen isotopic series. The geochemical characteristics and gas-source correlation indicate that the gases stored in the 5~(th) member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are coal-type gases which are derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. The gases reservoired in the 4~(th) member of the Xujiahe Formation and Jurassic strata in the Xinchang gas field are also coal-type gases that are derived from source rocks in the 3~(rd) and 4~(th) members of the Xujiahe Formation. The gases reservoired in the 2~(nd) member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are mainly coal-type gases with small amounts of oil-type gas that is derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. This is accompanied by a small amount of contribution brought by source rocks in the Upper Triassic Ma'antang and Xiaotangzi formations. The gases reservoired in the 4~(th) member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation are oil-type gases and are believed to be derived from the secondary cracking of oil which is most likely to be generated from the Upper Permian source rocks.     

基于CryoSat-2卫星测高数据的北极海冰体积估算方法

近30年来,北极海冰正发生着剧烈的变化。海冰体积是量化海冰变化的重要指标之一。本文以2015年CryoSat-2卫星测高数据和OSI SAF海冰类型产品为基础。提取了浮冰出水高度、积雪深度、海冰密集度、海冰类型等属性信息,通过数据内插、投影变换、栅格转换、空间重采样等工作将海冰属性信息统一为25 km×25 km分辨率的栅格数据集。根据流体静力学平衡原理,逐个估算栅格像元对应的海冰厚度值,将其与对应的海冰面积相乘,估算了北极海冰密集度大于75%海域的海冰体积,并分析了海冰厚度和体积的月变化和季节变化特征。用NASA IceBridge海冰厚度产品对反演的海冰厚度进行验证。结果表明二者相关系数为0.72,有较高的一致性。北极海冰平均厚度春季最大,夏季最小,分别约为2.99 m和1.77 m,最厚的海冰集中在格陵兰沿岸北部和埃尔斯米尔半岛以北海域。多年冰平均厚度大于一年冰。冬季海冰体积最大,约为23.30×103 km3,经过夏季的融化,减少了近70%。一年冰体积季节波动较大,而多年冰体积相对稳定,季节变化不明显。     

Sedimentological analysis and reservoir characterization of a multi-darcy,billion barrel oil field – The Upper Jurassic shallow marine sandstones of the Johan Sverdrup field,North Sea,Norway

The estimated in-place hydrocarbon volume of the giant Johan Sverdrup field is 3.5 billion barrels of oil, the bulk of which is contained in the Upper Jurassic intra-Draupne Formation sandstone. The intra-Draupne Formation sandstone is composed of unusually coarse grained siliciclastic sediments, with an average net/gross of 97% and average porosity of 28%. The median core permeability ranges from 0.5 to 40 Darcies in individual wells, and may reach even higher values based on drill stem testing.The reservoir is interpreted to be a time-transgressive sheet sand, ranging from 2 to 38 m in thickness and covering an area of more than 200 km². Vertical and lateral facies and grain size trends, combined with biostratigraphy and palaeocurrent indicators, are interpreted to demonstrate a westward onlapping, transgressive shoreface depositional system, with local fan delta input.Reservoir properties vary significantly across the field and relative to facies association. In terms of permeability, the upper and lower shoreface associations in the Avaldsnes High area in the east show the highest median values of 25–27 Darcies. The upper and lower shoreface associations in the Augvald Graben area to the west show median values of 15 and 21 Darcies, respectively. The lowest values are observed in the transgressive shoreline, fan delta and spiculitic shoreface associations, i.e. 8 Darcies, 2 Darcies and 0.1 Darcies, respectively. The latter two facies associations are restricted to local areas in the west and northwest.The coarse grain size, lack of fines, scarcity of cementation and extensive sheet-like distribution of siliciclastic sediments make the intra-Draupne Formation sandstone an ideal reservoir. The depositional model presented in this paper may be used as an analogue when exploring for similar, high quality, shallow marine reservoir sands.     

Tidal sedimentation preserved in volcaniclastic deposits filling a peripheral seaway embayment (early Miocene,Sardinian Graben)

The Sardinian Graben System was a part of a NE-SW-oriented extensional basin, rotated counter-clockwise into a N-S-elongate basin, as consequence of the eastward migration of the Apennine orogenic front, in the western Mediterranean during the Neogene.Starting from the early Miocene, the Sardinian Graben was inundated by marine waters, turning progressively into a seaway, characterized by a tidal circulation as consequence of the connection between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Paratethys Ocean to the east.In this work, we investigate an area located marginally to the mid-seaway, whose well-exposed volcaniclastic deposits record the local expression of a tidal amplification occurring in a coastal peripheral embayment of the wider Sardinian Seaway.The studied succession is ca. 140 m thick and includes three main units: (i) the 20-m-thick lowermost unit consists of fluvio-lacustrine sandstones and conglomerates belonging to lower delta-plain and delta-platform environments; (ii) the second unit is 60–70 m thick and includes heterolithic sandstones and mudstones, exhibiting a variety of tidal sedimentary structures, and lies on the previous deposits through a tidal ravinement surface; these two units are mostly volcaniclastic in composition, reflecting the dominance of a magmatic source over other extrabasinal components; (iii) the uppermost unit is ca. 50 m thick, erosionally overlies the previous deposits and is made up of shoreface sandstones and open-shelf mudstones, whose composition indicates even less volcaniclastic elements and the prevalence of other clastic alongshore-derived components.Based on the results of the facies analysis, the study succession is interpreted as the infill of an incised valley along the southern flank of a structural high. The valley was excavated during a phase of relative sea-level lowstand (Aquitanian?) preceding a subsequent stage of major transgression (Burdigalian). Initially, a fluvial system impinged the valley from the west favoring the progradation of a deltaic system in a shallow-marine embayment. During an early stage of transgression, the isolation of a part of this coastal area generated by the building of a barrier island, produced the onset of a tidal-flat sedimentation over the previous deposits. A late transgression occurred through the inundation of this coastal area by marine waters and the consequent back-stepping of beach-barrier and open-shelf strata.The sedimentological features of this stratigraphic succession indicate as this valley was filled in a tectonic setting with a high rate of accommodation, where the tidal influence progressively increased during sediment accumulation, possibly due to the marginal position respect to a wider tide-dominated marine conduit.The present paper thus: (i) documents for the first time a tidal signature in the lower Miocene strata of Sardinia; (ii) indicates new possible relationships with other, coeval seaway successions of the western and northern Mediterranean area; (iii) suggests constrains for palaeogeographic reconstructions; (iv) and throws the basis for future researches on the Sardinian Seaway.     

全国山洪灾害防治县房屋损毁风险评估及原因探究

中国山洪灾害造成的经济损失在各类灾害损失中所占比重日趋增大,其中房屋损毁是造成经济损失和人员伤亡的重要因素。本文以房屋为研究对象,基于全国山洪灾害调查评价提供的数据,分析房屋暴露量的时空分布特征,构建山洪灾害房屋损毁风险评估模型,对房屋损毁风险进行分析及原因探究。结果表明：① 中国山洪灾害防治县以一层住宅为主,占比达50%以上的防治县分布范围大致与中国第二、三阶梯分界线一致;砖混结构仍为迄今为止中国山区农村运用最为广泛的房屋结构类型,其次为砖木结构,再次为钢混结构和其它结构;② 中国山洪灾害防治县房屋脆弱性呈现西北高、东南低的整体空间格局;房屋损毁风险呈现东部高、西部低的空间分布特征,且损毁风险较高的地区呈带状或集聚状态分布。损毁风险很高的地区集中于辽东半岛、山东半岛、海南岛及东南沿海地带,且在燕山-太行山区呈现沿东北-西南方向的条带状分布,损毁风险较高的地区主要分布于太行山区及长江中下游地区;③ 房屋类型对山洪灾害房屋损毁风险贡献度较高的地区主要为山东省、山西省及河北省;山洪强度对房屋损毁风险贡献率较高的地区主要呈3条条带状分布：燕山-太行山分布带、浙闽滨海丘陵分布带、两广滨海分布带。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组碱湖岩石特征与成因*

风城组作为准噶尔盆地下二叠统优质烃源岩,一直是盆地油气勘探的重点。但因其埋藏深、岩性复杂、全球可对比研究实例少,也一直是研究的难点。文中以精细的岩性研究为基础,利用岩心描述、薄片观察、SEM、X衍射、TOC含量测定、包裹体测温及地化分析等手段,深入分析玛湖凹陷风城组碱性矿物特征和地质背景,探讨了碱湖成因与形成过程,得出: (1)风城组岩石可细分为5种主要类型,其中碱性岩为碱湖标志性岩类,富硅硼纳石岩类与火山喷发或热液作用相关;(2)风城组存在5种主要的岩石组合类型,从近源区至湖区依次为: 河流-冲积平原发育的组合类型Ⅴ、滨浅湖环境发育的组合类型Ⅲ与类型Ⅳ、深湖-半深湖环境发育的组合类型Ⅰ与类型Ⅱ,其中类型Ⅰ与类型Ⅲ为碱湖特有岩石组合,含优质烃源岩;(3)碱湖形成主要受火山活动和气候控制,前者为碱湖形成提供了Na⁺溶质,后者促进了淡水湖咸化,最终演化成碱湖。     

考虑渐进破坏过程的滑坡推力计算方法

在滑坡防治工程设计当中,推力确定是治理工程设计是否合理有效的前提。本文进行了3种类型滑坡的渐进变形破坏模式分析,从滑带参数弱化的角度阐述了不同类型滑坡的渐进演化过程,并以滑带力学参数经历峰前应力阶段、软化阶段、残余应力阶段刻画了滑带空间形态所经历的峰前应力状态、临界应力状态、残余应力状态3个阶段;基于不平衡推力法,提出3种类型滑坡临界状态条块的确定方法,把滑坡划分为发生剪切段和未发生剪切段,提出了不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程中推力计算公式及计算过程中滑带参数取值方法。以任意滑坡为例,从不同类型滑坡角度分析了滑坡在渐进破坏过程中推力的变化规律,结果表明：不同类型滑坡渐进破坏到第5状态时,牵引式滑坡、推移式滑坡和复合式滑坡的推力大小分别为4 100,4 980和3 150 kN/m,推移式滑坡推力最大,说明滑坡以不同模式破坏时推力存在明显差异。此计算方法不仅反应了不同类型滑坡的渐进破坏过程,又解决了具有应变软化性质的滑坡推力计算问题,在实际工程中为滑坡的设计提供合理的推力。     

山东省耕地资源变化的地域类型研究

人均耕地资源占有量低，一直是山东经济发展中的主要问题。随着经济的发展，人均占有耕地资源将进一步减少。文章对90年代以来山东省耕地的动态变化作了时间上和空间上的分析，采用耕地资源总量和人均占有量等指标，用综合分类法，将全省17个地市分为不同的类型，并提出不同类型区存在的问题和应采取的对策。