交叉裂隙岩体裂纹扩展试验及混合有限-离散元数值模拟研究

对预制交叉裂隙岩石试样进行裂纹扩展试验,研究了裂纹萌生、扩展、聚合过程,分析了主裂隙和轴向载荷夹角及主次裂隙夹角对裂纹起裂应力和聚合应力的影响,并用混合有限元-离散元程序,即图形处理器并行化的3D Y-HFDEM代码对试验进行了仿真计算,实现了岩石破坏从连续介质向非连续介质的过渡,对裂纹类及损伤破坏模式进行了识别,捕捉到了试验中难以发现的现象。研究表明：随主裂隙与轴向载荷夹角增加,裂纹聚合区的拉伸裂纹数量增加;裂纹起裂和聚合应力与主裂隙与轴向载荷夹角成正比;主次裂隙夹角增加,岩石的破坏模式由拉伸破坏转为剪切破坏,交叉裂隙加剧岩石破碎程度;主裂隙尖端萌生扩展的拉伸-剪切混合裂缝引起的破坏在岩石破坏中占主导地位,是导致岩体失去承载能力的主控裂纹;混合有限元-离散元仿真软件GPGPU并行化的3D Y-HFDEM IDE在岩石裂纹扩展研究中具有优势,可以捕捉实验室难以发现的损伤断裂类型,可以作为岩石裂纹扩展研究的有力工具。     

Intra-continental Orogeny: Insights from Magnetotelluric Data into the Mesozoic Uplift History of the Eastern Jiangnan Orogen in South China

Despite extensive efforts to understand the tectonic evolution of the Jiangnan Orogen in South China, the orogenic process and its mechanism remain a matter of dispute. Previous geodynamic studies have mostly focused on collisional orogeny, which is commonly invoked to explain the Jiangnan Orogen. However, it is difficult for such hypotheses to reconcile all the geological and geophysical data, especially the absence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks. Based on the magnetotelluric data, we ...     

WV-3遥感数据在滇西矿产资源开发与地质灾害调查中的应用

选择云南三江中南段高黎贡山之南作为研究对象,利用WorldView-3卫星数据高空间分辨率的特点,基于Skyline软件构建三维模拟场景,从不同视域范围、远近尺度、方位视角对解译目标进行全方位展示,获取了不同矿山开发及地质灾害的典型识别标志,进行矿产资源开发状况精细识别及地质灾害详细信息提取,解译出区内建筑石料用灰岩等5种非金属矿以及滑坡等3种类型地质灾害,为矿山管理及地质灾害调查提供快速精准的目标,提升工作效率和质量。     

基坑开挖对涉支护结构下穿盾构隧道变形的三维模拟与影响规律研究

依托某大厦基坑支护工程项目,研究深厚软土地层中基坑开挖对涉支护结构下穿盾构隧道变形的影响规律。采用三维有限元数值模拟分析隧道顶部支护桩的长度对支护结构变形和隧道隆起的影响,并将数值模拟结果与现场监测结果进行对比。结果表明：深厚软土地层中基坑开挖对下穿盾构隧道产生了较大的隆起变形;因下穿隧道的影响,隧道顶部支护桩嵌固深度的减小对支护结构的变形和下穿隧道的隆起会产生重要影响,当支护桩底与隧道顶的竖向间距S＞4 m或支护桩边缘与隧道边缘的水平间距S1＞4 m 时,支护桩的踢脚位移和下穿隧道的隆起变形迅速增加。研究成果可为类似工程提供应用参考和理论支撑。     

第四纪两类千年尺度气候振荡现象及机理研究

千年尺度气候突变事件是第四纪冰期普遍存在的气候现象。这些事件可以被分为两类,一类为Dansgaard-Oeschger Event (DO事件),另一类为海因里希(Heinrich Stadial,HS)事件,后者有时也被认为是一种特殊的DO事件,因此也被称为 HS-DO事件。HS事件期间北大西洋冰架的融化一般对应DO振荡的冷相位,这与通常认为的冰架在较冷气候下体积增加并不相符。这两类事件在北大西洋重建数据中表现得最为明显,但其气候影响具有全球性。由于没有显著的外强迫驱动这两类气候突变事件,自20世纪90年代首次被确认以来,HS-DO事件一直是古气候界关注的重点,且人们对其触发机理仍没有定论。本文基于目前对这两类千年事件的研究现状,集中总结了目前已有的可反映千年事件的重建数据,利用已有的模拟工作,重点回顾了现有的机制理论,评述了目前研究DO事件以及HS-DO事件的局限性,并对其后续工作,尤其是模拟部分,进行了展望。     

Advances and limitations in establishing a contiguous high-resolution atmospheric radiocarbon record derived from subfossil kauri tree rings for the interval 60–27 cal kyr BP

Radiocarbon dating is the most widely applied and reliable dating technique for providing chronological control during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3; ∼60–27 cal kyr BP). Past variations in the atmospheric concentration of radiocarbon mean a calibration curve is required. IntCal20 and SHCal20 calibration curves covering MIS3 are presently largely based on non-atmospheric records which, in combination with larger radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating uncertainties, results in significant smoothing and reduced resolution in calibration curve structure. Floating tree ring radiocarbon chronologies that are wiggle-matched to other palaeo records (particularly to Hulu Cave speleothems) have the potential to provide detailed structure to the MIS3 portion of extant calibration curves. New Zealand subfossil kauri (Agathis australis) trees are long-lived and are useful for constructing temporally-floating MIS3 atmospheric radiocarbon datasets. This paper presents extant and emerging data from several important Northland subfossil kauri locations (Omaha, Babylon Coast, Bream Bay, Kai Iwi Lakes, Mangawhai). We show the span of seven floating MIS3 kauri sequences (individual trees and chronologies) from which sequential radiocarbon series covering a total of 7556 years is now in development (representing 23% of the period 60–27 cal kyr BP). We also report radiocarbon dates for an additional 34 ancient kauri from MIS3 that can provide additional coverage. After these floating subfossil wood sequences have been produced, close to 40% of MIS3 (12,420 years) will be covered by contiguous subfossil kauri radiocarbon measurements. Based on our findings, we discuss the prospects and limitations for obtaining a highly resolved and precise atmospheric radiocarbon calibration curve comprehensively covering MIS3 using subfossil kauri.     

A method to evaluate the degree of bleaching of IRSL signals in feldspar: The 3ET method

In addition to dating, IRSL luminescence signals can preserve information about erosional, transport, and depositional histories of a population of grains. Knowledge of the degree of bleaching can be useful in understanding the processes that occurred during previous depositional events, as certain transport conditions result in a well bleached signal, while others result in grains retaining an inherited signal from prior events. This information can be accessed by making single-grain IRSL measurements across successively increasing temperatures, thereby isolating signals from traps of different bleachabilities.A new approach offers a way to evaluate the completeness of bleaching of a grain by testing patterns of equivalent dose (D_E) values measured at three elevated temperatures (3ET), 50, 125, and 225 °C. Consistent D_E estimates across two or more temperatures suggest a single bleaching event of sufficient duration to fully depopulate the traps involved. Incompletely bleached grains with inconsistent D_E values across temperatures will lack a 3ET “plateau.” Modes in the distribution of D_E values for fully bleached grains can suggest depositional ages, subject to assessment of fading. We developed a Python code in a Jupyter Notebook environment for data analysis and visualization to expedite processing the large data sets produced by the 3ET protocol.The 3ET protocol was tested on a radiocarbon dated sequence of playa samples from California, USA and on a set of fluvial terraces in the Marlborough region of New Zealand as part of a larger project to reconstruct regional seismic history. Where standard pIRIR apparent ages can be inconsistent or ambiguous, 3ET age estimates produce generally consistent apparent ages. Modes of 3ET plateaus can be used to infer the most recent and prior events that resulted in a sub-population of grains being fully bleached. These initial results suggest that the 3ET method can be useful to characterize both the age and degree of bleaching of depositional events.     

基于3D-DIC的砂岩裂纹扩展及损伤监测试验研究

裂纹监测对岩石损伤演化的认识至关重要。为研究岩石裂纹扩展及损伤变形特性,开展了含不同倾角（0°～90°）预制裂隙的标准细黄砂岩样的单轴压缩试验。利用三维数字图像相关技术（3D-DIC）获取岩样三维空间坐标下的应变分布,并结合声发射从光学与声学的角度监测了裂纹的扩展演化。由此提出了一种裂纹主应变的计算方法,定量表征岩石劣化的损伤变量D值。最后,探讨了由声发射与损伤变量D值确定岩样特征强度的影响因素。结论如下：（1）裂纹主应变反映了岩样受荷过程中同源裂纹在时间上的变化速率与空间上的扩展趋势,能较好地表征岩石的开裂行为;（2）声发射适用于确定岩样的起裂应力,不适用于损伤应力的确定,损伤变量D值所确定的起裂应力滞后于声发射,但适用于损伤应力特征值的确定;（3）结合声发射与DIC技术确定的归一化起裂应力范围为0.63～0.94、归一化损伤应力的范围为0.83～0.99;（4）预有裂隙会影响岩石的材料力学性能。随着倾角的增加,岩石的起裂应力、损伤应力及峰值应力呈增长的趋势,由于难以形成局部应变场聚集,裂纹的萌生与起裂更加困难。结果表明,3D-DIC技术的利用可以提高对岩石开裂行为的理解,对岩石的损伤监测与判识更有重要的意义。     

应力幅值比对土-结构接触面非共轴特性影响研究

运用80 t大型三维多功能土工试验机（3DMAS）,进行了不同应力幅值比下粗粒土与结构接触面大型三维循环直剪试验,深入分析了应力控制往返椭圆剪切路径下接触面切向位移、非共轴角和剪切柔度等三维力学特性以及应力幅值比的影响规律。应力控制往返椭圆剪切路径下,接触面产生了明显的x向和y向位移、非共轴角和剪切柔度。x向和y向位移幅值、剪切柔度峰值均随循环剪切的进行逐渐减小而后趋于稳定,表现出演化特性。非共轴角受切向应力幅值及切向应力增量方向共同影响,其最值、稳定值随循环周次基本保持不变;正向剪切时非共轴角最大值（最小值）与反向剪切时最小值（最大值）基本出现在同一位置。接触面剪切柔度与非共轴角随旋转角度的变化趋势相反,剪切柔度的增加会抑制非共轴角的发展,反之亦然,两者对立统一。应力幅值比对接触面切向位移间椭圆关系及其时程变化形式、切向应力位移类椭圆关系等影响较小,主要影响切向位移幅值及其偏移程度、切向位移间椭圆关系的长短轴大小及方向、切向应力位移类椭圆关系的长短轴大小、非共轴角的数值及其随旋转角度的变化形式和最值出现位置、剪切柔度随旋转角度的变化形式和峰值及其产生位置等。应力幅值比越大,切向位移幅值越大、向负向偏移越大,剪切柔度峰值越大,随循环剪切的进行减小的速率越慢。应力幅值比ξ_τ=1和ξ_τ≠1时接触面非共轴角和剪切柔度随旋转角度的发展变化形式差别很大。     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究——以杭州市为例

地下空间开发地质适宜性三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,也是当前研究热点。作为地质适宜性三维评价全过程的重要一环,科学合理地建立三维评价指标体系是其能否正确开展的前提基础。通过结合杭州城市地下空间开发面临的地质问题,在系统分析各评价指标对地下空间开发建设影响的特征基础上,以三维视角从地层三维结构等多个方面构建完成了一套具有多层次结构的三维评价指标体系,并采用层次分析方法对评价指标进行了目标权重的计算、一致性检验、排序和分析。该指标体系可划分为5个准则层21个指标层,相较于二维评价指标体系,通过融合三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法,使评价过程中能够考虑更多的评价因子,更好地描绘地下复杂的三维地质环境,丰富了三维评价结果的内涵。基于模糊综合评价方法的杭州钱江新城二期的三维评价应用成果表明,该指标体系为三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法之间的整合提供了有力的指导,为提升三维尺度下的地下空间开发地质适宜性评价精度和准确性提供了有力的支持。