Rainforest carbon financing in New Zealand: A case study of REDD+ on Māori land

This study examines a case study of the Rarakau Rainforest Conservation Project on Māori‐owned land in western Southland – New Zealand's first and only REDD+ project. It explores the potential for REDD+ projects on Māori land throughout the country. Key findings show that REDD+ is technically feasible in New Zealand, but commercially dependent on (currently low) demand in the domestic retail carbon offset and ‘corporate social responsibility’ market. Market research suggests that there is sufficient demand to cater to the needs of a small number of REDD+ projects, but insufficient demand to roll out a nation‐wide scheme.     

关于辽东－吉南中侏罗－早白垩世地层问题

吉南候家屯组与辽东小东沟组在辽东北部连成一体，以往地层划分和对比上的分歧，皆由王钰等定义小东沟组含有熔岩——“为小岭期火山喷发初的火山活动产物”所致。小东沟组、候家屯组为独立于辽东小岭组，吉南果松组火山岩之外的地层体，为干旱炎热气候条件下的河湖相沉积。辽东梨树沟组建立时未明确定义，建组剖面仅共分二层，为凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩夹砂页岩，多数研究者将其理解为小岭期火山喷发的尾声产物，无疑是正确的，但近年已人为地演义为“远火山相和湖相”（沉积），并与辽西九佛堂（沙海）组对比，已失去岩石地层单位组的客观性、物质性及组内岩性、岩相的一致性。现据“组应概分，不易细分”等有关原则，建议废弃梨树沟组名称，将与小岭组有成因联系的远火山相产物（包括夹层）划归小岭组，其上部确与小岭期火山喷发无关的河湖（沼）相沉积归于聂尔库组     

ESF小尺度湍动谱簇射和非线性稳定性理论（Ⅰ）

本文从等离子体二流体方程出发,推导了适于描述赤道扩展F（ESF）层小尺度湍流的二维静电模型方程.对模型方程进行了线性分析,并且导出了描述波波相互作用的三波非线性耦合方程,以此为基础详细讨论了若干情况下的非线性稳定性和能谱簇射过程.结果表明,赤道F层不仅可以存在正能波,而且可能存在负能波;正能波和负能波的相互作用可以导致爆炸型不稳定性;各种可能的三个波（如三个正能波,二个正能波和一个负能波,等等）之间的相互作用可以产生不同类型的非线性不稳定性,导致不同形式的能量簇射,例如能量可以向大波数方向簇射,也可相反,还可能同时向大和小波数方向簇射等。     

基于多源遥感与再分析数据估算塔克拉玛干沙漠地表净辐射日变化

作为世界第二大流动性沙漠,塔克拉玛干沙漠独特的陆表水热交换过程直接影响中国乃至全球的大气环流运动。将静止气象卫星FY-2F地表温度产品、极地轨道卫星MODIS陆表产品与中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集（CMFD）结合,反演得到时间分辨率为3 h、空间辨率为0.1°的2017年塔克拉玛干沙漠地表净辐射,利用塔中气象站观测值验证反演结果,并分析地表净辐射的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）利用卫星遥感与再分析资料获取的地表特征参数与实测值误差较小,决定系数R²均在0.8以上。（2）地表净辐射模拟值与地面实测值具有较好的一致性,决定系数R²为0.967,均方根误差RMSE为29.193 W·m^-2。（3）地表净辐射日变化呈现明显的单峰型特征：早晚值较低,正午值最高,并且夜间值基本为负且变化幅度不大。（4）地表净辐射夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。（5）沙漠边缘散布的绿洲和农田地区净辐射值最高,沙漠腹地次之,沙漠南缘的昆仑山和阿尔金山冰川覆盖地区净辐射值最低。     

榆林地区土地退化机制和调控

Yulin district is located in the transitional zone between Mu Us Desert and Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province,thus it is particularly vulnerable to degradation due to its fragile ecosystem and intense human activites there,The purpose of hias study is to explore the mechanism,process and driving force of land degradation in area with vulnerable eco-environment within the context of increasing population and intensifying human economic activities,and then find out the patterns and countermeasures of how to control them using the economic and technological ways,In detail ,this study includes three main sections:the first section analyzes the mechanism,causes and characteristics of land degradation,which can be achieved by the typical field investigations and systematical analysis within the regional natural,social and econmomic context.Based on the technologies of remote sensing and GIS ,and combined with the modeling methods,the second section reveals the change characteristics of land use and its driving force from 1990 to 2000; AS to the third section ,feasible countermeasures of how to prevent the degradation and rehabilitate the regional ecology are propsed ,which are studed from the perspective of harmony between nature and economy,and the conception of regional sustainable development.     

Application of copulas for derivation of drought severity–duration–frequency curves

This study presents copula‐based multivariate probabilistic approach to model severity–duration–frequency (S‐D‐F) relationship of drought events in western Rajasthan, India. Drought occurrences are analysed using standardized precipitation index computed on monthly mean areal precipitation, aggregated at a time scale of 6 months. After testing with a series of probability density functions, the drought variable severity is found to be better represented with log‐normal distribution, whereas duration is well fitted with exponential distribution. Four different classes of bivariate copulas – Archimedean, extreme value, Plackett, and elliptical families are evaluated for modelling joint distribution of drought characteristics. It is observed that the extreme value copula – Gumbel–Hougaard copula – performed better as compared with other classes of copulas, based on results of various statistical tests and upper tail dependence coefficient. The joint distribution obtained from best performing copula is then employed to determine conditional return period and to derive drought severity‐duration‐frequency (S‐D‐F) curves for the study region. The results of the study suggests that the copula method can be used effectively to derive the drought S‐D‐F curves, which can be helpful in planning and adopting suitable drought mitigation strategies in drought‐prone areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新一代电子航海图标准S-101结构分析

对当前电子航海图(ENC)数据标准S-57进行了分析,指出其存在的不足;阐述了新一代ENC数据标准S-101的优势及在动态目录、图示表达、复杂属性、信息类型及数据集分类等结构方面的新特征;并进一步剖析了S-101在数据更新、要素信息表达、制图文本功能以及航海图种类等其他方面的特征,最后分析了S-101产品规范对不同用户的影响。     

基于城市意象的旅游节庆品牌认知研究

旅游节庆品牌认知是衡量游客认识和理解节庆品牌内涵及价值的标准,城市旅游节庆的主题也体现了城市意象的相关元素。在分析台北市地理区位、社会文化和城市功能等属性后,明确了台北具有"生态、创意、旅游"三大城市意象。以台北101跨年晚会为例,研究旅游节庆品牌认知对游客支持意愿的影响,分析旅游节庆对推广城市意象的作用。研究结果表明:品牌知名度、品牌联想、感知质量、感知价值、品牌信任、品牌忠诚度是影响游客支持意愿的六大驱动因素;节庆品牌认知对支持意愿的影响存在年龄、学历和居住地三方面的群体差异性;基于城市意象特征塑造旅游节庆品牌有利于推广城市意象,并延长节庆品牌的生命周期。