崇明岛河网浮游植物和无机、有机氮的时空分布特征

为研究崇明岛河网浮游植物和无机、有机氮的时空分布特征及其相互关系,于2014年1、4、7和10月在崇明岛河网内选取界河、堡镇港、八滧港3条河道9个采样点采集浮游植物和表层水样,并选取崇西水闸作为对照点进行研究.结果表明:河网内浮游植物以绿藻和硅藻为主,其中水闸和堡镇港夏季裸藻生物量所占比例超过50%.八滧港总溶解性氮(TDN)的主要组分是溶解性无机氮,而水闸、界河和堡镇港溶解性有机氮(DON)在TDN中的比例在夏、秋季低于冬、春季,农田土壤释放可能是DON的重要来源.水温、溶解氧和化学需氧量是影响铵态氮浓度变化的重要环境因素.此外,通过冗余分析发现,铵态氮影响绿藻和裸藻分布,尿素影响甲藻分布.     

2020年主汛期长江流域短时强降水时空分布特征

长江流域(Yangtze River Basin, YZRB)是中国降水集中地。在气候变暖背景下,短时强降水(Short-Duration Heavy Rainfall, SDHR)有增加趋势。2020年主汛期(6—8月)YZRB出现多轮强降水,发生了新中国成立以来仅次于1954年、1998年的流域性大洪水。本文利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心逐小时降水资料,分析了长江上游(YR-A)、长江中游(YR-B)和长江下游(YR-C)三个区域SDHR时空分布以及不同类型短时强降水事件(Short-Duration Heavy Rainfall Event, SDHRE)的统计特征。得到结论如下：1)受地形影响,YZRB山区降水频次增加、降水强度增强,且地形作用会增加山区SDHR的频次,进而增强山区SDHR的降水量;YZRB降水强度的空间分布依赖于SDHR降水量的空间分布。2)YZRB三个区域SDHR降水量和频次的日变化均表现为双峰型,双峰时间在YZRB区域自西向东有从夜间移向白天的趋势,这与对流活动日变化的区域差异有关;SDHR的降水量和频次具有相似的日变化,说明SDHR的降水量主要源自其降水...     

TROPOZ II: Global distributions and budgets of methane and light hydrocarbons

One hundred atmospheric samples were collected aboard the French Caravelle research aircraft, during the TROPOZ II experiment (January 1991). Tropospheric meridional distributions versus height were then derived from 70° N to 60° S and between 0.25 km and 11 km for methane, acetylene, ethane and propane. Areas of significant emissions were identified over northern latitudes with, for acetylene, maximum mixing ratios in the north (1.896 ppbv) more than 70 times higher than in background southern latitudes (0.025 ppbv). The influence of emissions from biomass burning was also obvious in the tropical boundary layer. Significant dynamic phenomena led to high mixing ratio zones above 8 or 10 km even for the most reactive hydrocarbons.For the first time, simultaneous assessment of global tropospheric contents of several light hydrocarbons was carried out. Using TROPOZ II data (January 1991) and STRATOZ III data (June 1984) collected by Rudolph (1988) during similar aircraft flights in 1988, the following tropospheric loads (in Tg-compound) were estimated, in January 1991 and June 1984, respectively: 1.1 and 0.4 for acetylene, 5.0 and 3.9 for ethane, 3.6 and 1.4 for propane and 3545 for methane in January only. According to our results, 40 to 65% of acetylene and alkanes are oxidized in the tropics. In addition, by computing the annual tropospheric sink of acetylene and alkanes, an evaluation of their annual global fluxes was performed. The figures are, in Tg-compound y^-1 with an uncertainty of 80% to an order of magnitude, based on January and June data, respectively: 10 and 6.6 for acetylene, 16.3 and 17.6 for ethane and 52.3 and 26.5 for propane.     

我国西北地区沙尘暴天气时空分布特征

通过分析西北地区1952～1994年所出现的沙尘暴气象观测纪录,提出了沙尘暴天气强度划分标准,并研究了西北地区沙尘暴天气时空分布特征。得出西北地区沙尘暴天气的易发区和多发区,以及多发时段等。为建立沙尘暴灾害性天气综合监测、防灾减灾系统工程的设计和建设,为当地沙尘暴天气联报联防和科学研究等,都提供了重要依据。     

利用MODTRAN3计算我国太阳直接辐射和散射辐射

根据光的多次散射理论－离散纵标法，利用我国国家一级辐射测站的大气廓线，计算出晴空大气观测波段不同高度上的太阳直接辐射和向下散射辐射。将模式输出的地面辐射值与地面辐射观测资料进行比较，对不同高度的太阳直接辐射和向下散辐射以及日变化进行了讨论。最终目的是直接由MODTRAN3计算我国辐射空白站的地面辐射值，以弥补我国辐射站稀少，时空分布短缺的不足。     

利用卫星遥感和地面实测积雪资料分析近年新疆积雪特征

利用2003—2005年卫星SSM/I的每日雪深资料,1996—2004年冬、春的NOAA/AVHRR积雪旬覆盖面积资料,以及1996—2002年新疆北部11个地面台站的积雪观测资料,研究了近年新疆积雪的时空分布特征。结果表明:新疆积雪年际变化大,近年最大积雪日数和面积出现在2000—2001年。积雪主要集中在天山山脉以北地区,该区大部分地区每年冬、春积雪覆盖旬数超过了15旬,在西南昆仑山脉地区也有小范围的高值区,部分年份的冬、春积雪覆盖旬数超过了15旬。另外,山区积雪覆盖旬数明显高于盆地,准葛尔盆地积雪覆盖旬数明显多于塔里木盆地。积雪年际变化较显著的地区在中部天山山脉地区、西南部昆仑山脉地区和西部阿尔金山脉地区,均超过了6旬。积雪深度在每年的2月达到最高。高值出现在阿勒泰地区、塔城、天山北麓、准噶尔盆地南缘和南疆西部的托什干河流域一带,达到近40 cm。     

On the frequency distribution of land slope

Slope frequency distributions are computed from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of 18 areas from five different geographic and physiographic regions. Over 160,000 slope estimates are used in the definition of the slope frequency distribution for each area. Analysis of several transformations of the slope data indicates that no single transformation is capable of normalizing all slope distributions. This is, in part, due to the arbitrary placement of the boundaries of the map sheets used in the data collection. The square root of sine, however, provides better results than sine, log-tangent, or several other transformations. The degree of (positive) skewness of gradients in degrees correlates with the proportion of slopes below 2° or 5° (r_s = + 0·93), as does the kurtosis (r_s = + 0·91).     

江西省雾日统计、地区分布及形成原因分析

从气候数据库中提取 1960～ 1993年每年 1～ 4月和 10～ 12月的雾日资料，统计分析了雾日地区分布特点，寻找出江西的多雾区和少雾区，并分析了多雾区和少雾区的成因。     

基于自组织神经网络算法的华北区域夏季天气气候学特征

对华北区域的天气气候学研究,有助于理解该区域大气环流场与地面要素场之间的相互联系。利用自组织神经网络算法(SOMs),基于1958—2002年夏季ERA-40日平均海平面气压距平场(MSLPA),对华北区域的海平面气压场进行分型,研究其天气气候特征。36种典型地面环流形势被识别出来,包括强北高南低、强西高东低槽、强西北低东南高和强东部高压西伸4种极端类型,以及它们之间的过渡型。天气型的空间特征分析表明二维自组织图上天气型的对称性体现了华北区域天气气候的一般性特征,而非对称性则体现其独特性。天气型演变特征分析表明高、低压系统越强,或以高压系统活动为主时,华北地区的天气形势相对稳定,反之则转变较快。年际变化分析指示出其中6种天气型出现较明显的年际线性变化趋势。最后,分析天气型相应的降水分布特征,表明区域内不同地区的降水来自不同天气型的影响,地面环流场的细小差别将会造成地面强降水中心位置的较大不同,且地形的影响将进一步放大该差别。上述分析结果采用更完整和更高时间分辨率的资料,定量化地研究华北区域夏季的天气分型特征,拓展其天气气候学研究。研究成果可用于发展客观化的数值模式典型天气过程识别技术,以及作为区域气候情景分析的基础。     

Approximating groundwater age distributions using simple streamtube models and multiple tracers

We use a streamtube based decomposition and a recently developed, simple relationship between tracer concentrations and ages to estimate groundwater age distributions. The decomposition assumes that an age distribution can be approximated using a superposition of linearly independent streamtubes. Transport in each streamtube is modeled with inverse Gaussian functions, the parameters of which are inferred from radiometric tracer concentrations. Three simple sampling methods are considered for weakly and moderately heterogeneous aquifers and the method gives reasonable approximations in both systems. The method is sensitive to errors in the measured concentrations but some of these errors are easily identifiable and a range of plausible age distributions can still be found. The method was then tested in a highly heterogeneous system and reasonable estimates of the age distribution were also obtained. The simplicity of this method and its insensitivity to the heterogeneity structure suggest that this approach may be an effective tool for obtaining estimates of age distributions in natural systems.