在大数据背景下看TAS分类的不足及可能的解决方案

火山岩TAS分类是国际地质科学联合会在1989年第28届国际地质大会上通过的,迄今已经40年了。该分类对推进岩石学和地球化学的研究起了积极的作用,规范了岩石(尤其火山岩)的命名,方便了学术界的交流。但是,不能不承认,早先的研究,由于分析方法、分析技术以及数据量的限制,是存在某些局限性的。现在,全球已积累了海量的数据,应当有条件对火山岩的分类做一个新的探讨了。文中讨论了TAS分类的初衷、分类的原则及存在的问题,推出了新的TAS分类方案。早先的分类一共划分了15个岩区,新的方案压缩为10个,其中9个保留了早先的命名,新增一个碱流岩区。新的TAS图最大的变化在碱性岩系列,在新的TAS图中,碱性岩系列呈"人"字形分布,把粗玄岩系列封闭起来,弥补了早先的TAS分类在酸性岩部分的不足,还发现TAS图理论上可能存在的一些问题。本文的探讨是初步的,只是抛砖引玉,希望能够引起学术界的关注,开启利用大数据方法对TAS分类的新的研究。     

巢湖湖滨带藻类水华期异味物质的空间分布规律及其影响因素

为探究湖滨带藻类水华期水体异味物质的空间分布规律,2019年6—10月对巢湖湖滨带水体理化参数和异味物质进行月度调查,分析湖滨带水体异味物质的空间分布特征,并探讨影响其空间分布差异的主要因素。结果表明：巢湖湖滨带藻类水华期水体异味物质浓度在空间上总体表现为西北部湖区最高,南部湖区次之,东北部湖区和北部湖区最低的分布特征,藻类生物量高低及其分解是水体异味物质产生空间分布差异的主要原因。风向和风速间接影响了湖滨带水体异味物质的空间分布,其中北部湖区受风速和风向的影响最为明显,其次是南部湖区和东北部湖区,西北部湖区影响最小。此外,湖滨带植被通过影响该区域藻类水华堆积及消散过程加剧了水体中异味物质的富集。     

Particle-size distribution of inorganic water soluble ions in the venezuelan savannah atmosphere during burning and nonburning periods

The results presented are the first complete analysis of inorganic soluble ions in a tropical savannah region. Atmospheric particles were collected in six rural Venezuelan savannah sites. Concentrations and size distribution of NO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2-, CI^–, PO₄ ^3-, NH₄ ⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were determined in samples collected with Hi Vol samplers equipped with five-stage cascade impactors. Concentrations were higher in the dry season, with a maximum during the burning periods. Using Na⁺ as a reference, the results show a deficit of Cl^– and, with the exception of Mg²⁺, an enrichment of all other ions with respect to marine aerosols. Significant variations were observed in particle-size distribution between different periods. Various pairs of ions present similar size distributions: SO₄ ^2- and NH₄ ⁺; Cl^– and Na⁺; PO₄ ^3- and K⁺; Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NO₃ ^–; indicating that the ions were produced by the same source and/or were involved in similar atmospheric processes. Possible primary sources, the gas-to-particle atmospheric process, environmental implication of long-range transport of nutrients during dry seasons, etc., are discussed.     

北京春季不同天气条件下气溶胶垂直分布特征

对2005年和2006年北京地区春季没有沙尘和云影响下17次晴空大气气溶胶（粒径范围0.1～3.0μm）飞机垂直观测资料进行分析,给出了三种天气条件（地面高压、地面两高压之间和地面低压）下气溶胶的垂直分布,并计算了对应天气条件下的风通量和理查森数。结果显示：在北京地区处于地面高压控制下（简称类型1）,气溶胶的垂直混合和水平传输都很强,气溶胶浓度垂直分布平坦,地面气溶胶浓度平均约为1200个/cm^3;在北京地区处于地面两高压之间（简称类型2）,气溶胶的垂直混合较强,边界层上没有阻挡,气溶胶浓度随高度递减,地面气溶胶浓度平均约为7200个/cm^3;在北京地区处于低压控制下（简称类型3）,气溶胶在边界层顶垂直混合较弱,形成一个较强的阻挡,阻碍了气溶胶从边界层内向自由层扩散,同时边界层内水平传输较弱,结果是在边界层以上气溶胶浓度迅速递减,地面气溶胶浓度非常高,约为10000个/cm^3。     

2003年夏季临安地区大气气溶胶离子成分的尺度分布特征

文中利用2003年夏季在浙江临安大气本底污染监测站观测的资料,分析了临安的气溶胶质量浓度、离子成分的尺度分布特点及主要离子间的相互关系。初步结果显示,该期间临安气溶胶主要以粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子为主,约占总质量浓度的66%,其中粒径小于0.65μm的粒子可达总质量浓度的50%,远高于其他各级尺度段上的粒子浓度。与质量浓度分布相似,可溶性无机离子成分主要集中在粒径小于2.1μm(记为PM2.1)的细粒子中,PM2.1粒子中可溶性无机离子约占所有尺度段(包括所有5级)离子质量浓度总和的88%。其中粒径小于0.65μm的亚微米粒子中的离子质量浓度是细粒子的主要部分,占所有尺度段上离子质量浓度总和的77%。SO42-,NH4+和K+是PM2.1中决定性的离子成分。相关分析和离子平衡表明,PM2.1中SO42-与NH4+和K+有很高的相关,在粒径小于0.65μm的亚微米粒子中,非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO42-)主要为(NH4)2SO4,由气-粒转化产生;而在粒径为0.65~2.1μm尺度段,Nss-SO42-除(NH4)2SO4外,可能还有K2SO4,Na2SO4等存在。     

东亚地区闪电产生Nox的时空分布特征

利用NASA提供的2.5°×2.5°卫星闪电格点资料(1995-2002年), 并根据纬度区分云闪和地闪后, 对东亚地区(75°～155°E, 0°～55°N)闪电产生NOX的时空分布进行分析, 结果表明 闪电产生的NOX在东亚地区的年总产量平均值为2.30 Tg, 自南向北存在7个极值中心, 它们分别集中于南部、中部和北部极值群内, 三个极值群的最大值分别为16.4, 12.7和5.46 Bg/grid/yr.与该地区NOX的非闪电排放源相比较, 闪电产生NOX的分布范围大, 年产量约为非闪电源年排放总量的23.闪电产生NOX的量在夏季最大, 其区域性特征很明显.地球表面特性的差异造成了闪电产生的NOX在经度分布上存在较大的不平衡性.在气候冷暖交替月份的中低纬度地区闪电产生NOX的增加对强雷暴活动年闪电产生NOX的贡献最为明显.     

华西秋雨演变的新特征及其对大气环流的响应

华西(21°N-39°N,95°E-114°E)秋雨是中国秋季主要的气候特征之一,长时间连续降水对农作物生产带来不利影响.基于1961-2010年华西地区166个气象站逐日降水资料,综合降水量与降水日数两个因子定义了华西秋雨指数,采用EOF分析、小波分析等方法分析了该指数的演变和时空异常分布特征,以及秋雨异常分布型的大气环流背景.结果表明,华西秋雨有南北两个极大值中心,强度和范围在近50年中存在明显的年代际变化,进入21世纪,其北部秋雨区位置偏北、范围增大及强度增强;主要异常型为秋雨区东北东和西南西之间的反相变化和总体基本一致型;秋季,当东亚副热带西风急流中心西移,中心强风速带偏窄时,华西北部的上升运动加强,同时西太平洋副热带高压偏北、印缅槽偏深及水汽输送偏强偏北,有利于北部水汽辐合,华西秋雨出现北多西南少的异常型;反之亦然.     

Reliability analysis of the bearing failure problem considering uncertain stochastic parameters

The consideration of uncertainties plays an increasing role in the design of geotechnical structures. An important procedure in the uncertainty analysis is the reliability assessment whereby the required statistical quantities and distributions are assumed to be known exactly. Due to small sample observations and missing information this is not the case in practical applications and uncertainties in the stochastic parameters themselves have to be considered. In our study we estimate the parameter variation of soil properties by statistical procedures and perform an extended reliability analysis of a shallow foundation considering these uncertainties. We propose a novel approach based on a Taylor series expansion which enables the estimation of the failure probability variation very efficiently.     

Computation of Non-Maxwellian Electron Excitation Rates for Ions of Astrophysical Interest: Fe <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">xv</Emphasis> – A Test Case

Dzif?áková previously developed a method for calculating the influence of nonthermal electron-velocity distributions on the intensities of spectral lines (Solar Phys. 234, 243, 2006; In: Lacoste, H., Ouwehand, L. (eds.) SOHO-17. 10 Years of SOHO and Beyond, SP-617, ESA, Noordwijk, 89, 2006). Here, we study this method in detail for the test case: Fe?xv. It involves fitting a parametric form to the electron-excitation data in the CHIANTI atomic database. We assess the reliability of these fits by comparing them with the source atomic data, both Upsilons (Maxwellian-averaged collision strengths) and the original collision strengths. An accuracy for the method of better than 15% is deduced for all transitions, with a much higher accuracy than this for the strong electric-dipole transitions. A κ-distribution, which has an increased number of electrons in the high-energy tail of the distribution, is considered as an example. The shape of the κ-distribution affects the electron-excitation rate and thus the relative intensities of the spectral lines. Since the shape of the electron distribution function also influences the ionization balance of Fe, both effects change the final intensities of the lines. Synthetic spectra for Fe?xv and Fe?xvi in the wavelength range 50?–?80 Å are presented for a κ-distribution and compared with solar observations.     

Frequency analysis of annual maximum suspended sediment concentrations in Abiod wadi,Biskra (Algeria)

Sediment transport processes in the Mediterranean semi‐arid areas have interested a great number of hydrologists and statisticians. Frequency analysis (FA) procedures are commonly applied for several hydrological events such as floods and droughts. However, in general, FA is not widely applied to treat suspended sediment concentration (SSC), especially in semi‐arid regions. In the present study, an FA was performed on SSC data from 1979 to 1991 observed upstream from the Foum El Gherza dam, which is located at Biskra in the South–East of Algeria. This dam is problematic in terms of silting. Therefore, this study is mainly motivated by providing an FA model and risk evaluation in order to assist dam managers to better evaluate the potential of silting resulting from SSC transport to the reservoir. Probability distributions commonly used in hydrology were tested to SSC data recorded at the M'chounech station on Abiod wadi located upstream the dam. All the FA steps were considered; including classical techniques (e.g. goodness‐of‐fit tests, statistical criteria) as well as recently developed tools (tail distribution classification). Their application led to the selection of the lognormal distribution (LN2) to fit the considered data, and hence an accurate risk assessment could be obtained. Because of the presence of a slight trend, non‐stationary models are also considered in the present study. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.