变化环境下西江北江枯水流量联合分布分析

基于Clayton copula和Kendall分布函数分析广东西江马口站和北江三水站枯水流量的联合分布及其风险概率。根据两站流量之间的时空关联与变异,以1959-2010年西江马口站历年连续7日平均最小流量和对应期间的北江三水站枯水流量为样本,分别计算1959-1985年和1986-2010年两个时段(分别称为样本A和样本B)的西江北江枯水流量联合分布的"或"重现期、"且"重现期和二次重现期及其最可能的设计分位数。结果表明:①样本B中马口站的枯水流量设计值小于样本A相应重现期设计值,三水站则显著增大;②1985年后西江和北江枯水流量同频率遭遇的可能性较前期明显减小;③二次重现期所对应的累积频率代表了特定设计频率情况下西江和北江枯水流量遭遇的风险率;④由更严谨的二次重现期计算的马口站枯水流量最大可能设计值Q_7d,T=20a、Q_7d,T=10a和Q_7d,T=2a设计值或更适合分别作为西江三角洲供水规划、生态需水和调水压咸设计参考值。     

月球表面多种金属元素的分布特征初探

美国的"克莱门汀"(Clementine)和"月球探测者"(Lunar Prospector)号月球探测器,分别于1994和1998年完成了对月球形貌、水冰以及月球重力和磁场等物理参数的高精度、高分辨率探测。月球探测者号还利用伽马射线仪探测了月表层中铁、钛、铀、钍和钾等元素含量分布,这为进一步研究月球的空间与表面环境,月球的地形、地貌、地层与地质构造,月表土壤与岩石的分布、成分与成因,月球物理场特征,月球的内部结构、演化与成因提供了大量的科学数据和证据。根据"克莱门汀"和"月球探测者"号测得的数据,对月球表面金属钛、铁、镁、铀、钍、钾的分布进行分析,初步研究了这些金属元素分布与月球地貌的关系,计算各金属元素之间空间分布的相关系数,分析蕴藏这些金属资源地区的岩性及各种元素可能的来源。由此推测30亿年前月球内部逐渐固化,大量小行星对月表岩石频繁的撞击导致金属元素分布不均衡,使金属元素在月球高原地带普遍含量低于月海,同时也形成了现在我们看到的遍布月表的环形山。     

察汗淖尔表层沉积物GDGTs分布特征及影响因素

目前,甘油二烷基甘油四醚(GDGTs)组成和分布特征已被成功应用于古气候古环境重建中。然而,越来越多的研究表明除温度和pH值外,GDGTs也受其他环境因素影响,这导致了在同一地区运用多种温度和pH校准公式得到的结果差异较大,特别是在干旱地区尤为显著。因此,有必要开展现代过程GDGTs分布及其影响因素的调查,以提高温度和pH校准公式的适用性。为此,我们以北方察汗淖尔湖泊为中心,分析流域内24个湖泊沉积物和土壤GDGTs组成和分布。结果显示,所有样品GDGTs分布模式相似,其中古菌类异戊二烯GDGTs(简称isoGDGTs)以crenarchaeol为主,GDGT-0次之,crenarchaeol’含量较低,指示GroupⅠ.1b型奇古菌输入较多;细菌支链GDGTs(简称brGDGTs)中五甲基化brGDGTs丰度最高,其次是六甲基化和四甲基化brGDGTs。群落指数(community index,CI)表明,产brGDGTs的细菌群落属于冷簇,且冗余分析显示pH值对brGDGTs分布影响显著,二者可能共同导致了应用多种校准公式计算结果与器测记录之间的差异。通过该项工作我们认为在利用GD...     

云南玉龙山地区的表土花粉散布特征

在对玉龙山—虎跳峡—点苍山一带表土孢粉调查的基础上，对区内植被与孢粉散布的关系进行了探讨。共划分了5个孢粉带，对应的植被带分别为高山灌丛、草地带、寒温针叶林带、针叶林带(分两个类型)、干热河谷稀树草地。在寒温针叶林带中依据建群种花粉峰值的不同可划分云杉林、冷杉林及红杉林群落。云杉林中草坪上的孢粉组合与林中基本一致，显示了区域植被在花粉组合中的重要作用。     

长江口表层沉积物有机碳分布及其影响因素

根据长江口及其邻近海域2007年2、5、8、11月4个航次野外调查资料,系统地探讨了长江口表层沉积物总有机碳(TOC)的时空分布特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物类型以细砂和粉砂为主,细颗粒泥沙主要分布在调查水域南部,北部海域以砂组分为主,沉积物组成和分布具显著的季节变化特征;长江口及其邻近海...     

Determination and ecological risk assessment of arsenic and mercury in sediments from the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent East China Sea

Arsenic(As) and mercury(Hg) are pollutants presented in marine environment. A process of atomic fluorescence spectrometry was proposed for the simultaneous determination of As and Hg in marine sediment samples(n =38) collected from the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent East China Sea. The proposed method used an optimized pretreatment procedure in an aqua regia–H_2 O digestion system. Recoveries of As and Hg increased to97% and 98%, respectively, with suitable precisions(2.7%–4.1%) under optimized process conditions. As and Hg were widely presented in these samples, with the ranges of content values were 2.39–8.77 μg/g for As and48.03–410.8 ng/g for Hg. Results indicate that anthropogenic factors strongly influence the abundances of As and Hg in investigated samples. The preliminary environmental risk assessment was investigated using the I_(geo)accumulation index(I_(geo)) and anthropogenic contribution rate(M). Findings reveal that Hg demonstrates a strong ecological risk(with average values of 1.3 and 72% for I_(geo) and M, respectively) in the sediments from the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent East China Sea. Therefore, Hg should be considered in future investigations.     

Nitrate subsurface transport and losses in response to its initial distributions in sloped soils: An experimental and modelling study

Transport and losses of nitrate from sloped soils are closely linked to nitrogen fertilizer management. Previous studies have always focused on different types of fertilizer applications and rarely analysed various initial nitrate distributions as a result of nitrogen fertilizer applications. Under certain conditions, both subsurface lateral saturated flow and vertical leaching dominate nitrate losses. Soil tank experiments and HYDRUS‐2D modelling were used to better understand the subsurface nitrate transport and losses through lateral saturated flow and vertical leaching under various initial nitrate distributions. Low (L: 180 mg L^?1), normal (N: 350 mg L^?1), and high (H: 500 mg L^?1) nitrate concentrations were used in five different distributions (NNNN, NLLN, LHHL, LNLN, and HNHN) along the slope of the tank. The first two treatments (NNNN and NLLN) were analysed both experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted under 12 rainfall events at intervals of 3 days. The HYDRUS‐2D model was calibrated and validated against the experimental data and demonstrated good model performance. The other three treatments (LHHL, LNLN, and HNHN) were investigated using the calibrated model. Nitrate concentrations in purple sloped soils declined exponentially with time under intermittent rainfalls, predominantly in the upper soil layers. Non‐uniform initial nitrate distributions contributed to larger differences between four locations along the slope in deeper soil layers. The non‐uniform nitrate distribution either enhanced or reduced decreases in nitrate concentrations in areas with higher or lower initial nitrate concentrations, respectively. Higher nitrate concentrations at the slope foot and along the slope were reduced mainly by lateral flow and vertical leaching, respectively. Increasing nitrogen application rates increased subsurface nitrate losses. Mean subsurface lateral nitrate fluxes were twice as large as mean vertical leaching nitrate fluxes. However, due to longer leaching durations, total nitrate losses due to vertical leaching were comparable with those due to lateral flow, which indicated comparable environmental risks to surface waters and groundwater.     

南海北部大鹏湾中DOP的分布、滞留时间、自养生产和异养降解

The importance of dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP) as a potential nutrient source for primary producers in marine systems has been recognized for up to eight decades, but currently, the understanding of the biogeochemistry of DOP is in its infancy. In the present study, monthly data between 2000 and 2014 were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distributions of DOP in the Mir Bay, the northern South China Sea. The DOP residence time(T_(DOP)) was also investigated using a simple regression analysis in combination with chlorophyll a(Chl a) measurements while excess DOP(ΔDOP), produced by the biogeochemical processes of autotrophic production and heterotrophic removal, was determined using a two-component mixing mass-balance model in combination with salinity measurements. The results showed that the DOP concentration was(0.017±0.010) mg/L higher in the surface-water compared with the bottom-water and higher in the inner Tolo Harbour and waters adjacent to Shatoujiao compared with the main zone of the bay. Although seasonal changes and annual variability in the DOP were small, the surface DOP concentration was higher in the wet season(April–September)than in the dry season(October–March) due to the impacts of seaward discharges and atmospheric deposition into the bay. Measurement and regression results showed that the DOP release rate from phytoplankton production was about 1.83(gP)/(gChl a) and the T_(DOP) was about 7 d, which implied that the DOP cycle in the bay was rapid. The ΔDOP was calculated from the model to be about 0.000 mg/L in the main zone of the bay and about 0.002 mg/L in the inner Tolo Harbour and waters adjacent to Shaotoujiao, suggesting that the autotrophic production of DOP was almost balanced by the heterotrophic removal in the main zone of the bay and dominated in the inner Tolo Harbour and waters adjacent to Shaotoujiao. In conclusion, the Mirs Bay is very productive and fairly heterotrophic.     

1982—2000年中国区域地表反照率时空分布特征

利用1982—2000年NOAA-AVHRR数据资料,研究了中国区域地表反照率的空间分布及其随时间的变化规律。结果表明,中国区域年均地表反照率在空间分布上有很大的差异,胡焕庸线以西地区地表反照率明显大于以东地区;年平均地表反照率呈现缓慢下降趋势,但是不同地区的变化趋势有所不同,年均地表反照率显著降低的区域主要集中在华北平原,显著增加的区域主要集中在长白山和大兴安岭北部;不同季节地表反照率存在很大的差异,冬季最大,春、夏季次之,秋季最小,且冬季平均地表反照率波动幅度比较大;不同地表覆盖的地表反照率的年际变化也存在比较显著的差异。