加入WTO与中国出口发展空间分析

本文首先分析了中国出口面临的主要问题和地理格局,接着探讨了中国加入ＷＴＯ后给出口发展带来的机会,最后提出了拓宽中国未来出口发展空的对策。     

In-situ rainwater harvesting and gravel mulch combination for corn production in the dry semi-arid region of China

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of a combination of ridge and furrow method of in-situ rainwater harvesting with gravel mulch on corn production, soil moisture storage, and water-use efficiency in the dry semi-arid region of China. Results showed that plastic-covered ridges had an average runoff efficiency (runoff/rainfall) of 87% as compared to 7% for bare ridges, and could generate runoff at a threshold value of 0·8±0·2 mm rainfall. Bare ridges produced runoff only under high intensity rainfall events, and was ineffective for harvesting rainfall in the study area. The plastic-covered ridge and gravel-mulched furrow method of rainwater harvesting was effective in conserving moisture and increasing yield and water-use efficiency. The grain yield in this treatment was 1·9 times that of the conventional flat soil cultivation (control), and the water-use efficiency was 1·8 times that of the control. The good performance of the film-covered surface ridges and gravel-mulched furrows is attributed to the better utilization of light rains, improvement of infiltration in the root zone, and suppression of evaporation losses.     

基于GIS的新疆棉花生产发展时空变异分析

在新疆棉花生产统计数据库建立的基础上 ,利用地理信息系统工具软件ArcView制作新疆历年棉花播种面积、单产和总产分布图 ,并以 1 980、1 985、1 990和 1 995年为例对新疆棉花生产的时间和空间分布进行分析 ,同时还分析了 1 997年棉花播种面积占耕地面积和总作物播种面积的比率分布。进入 90年代后新疆棉花生产发展迅速 ,播种面积、单产和总产都有大幅度增加 ,1 995年总产达到 30× 1 0 5t以上的县有莎车、阿克苏、沙雅、阿瓦提、麦盖提、巴楚 6县 ,主产区主要分布在南疆的库尔勒 -阿克苏 -莎车和北疆的昌吉 -博乐沿线各县 ,1 997年已有 1 4个县棉田面积占耕地面积的比率大于 5 0 %。新疆棉花生产已达到一定的规模 ,宜在稳定中求发展 ,注意防止规划和管理不善可能造成的土地退化 ,以保障农业生产持续发展。     

海洋中二甲基硫的生物生产与消费过程

DMS是海洋中最主要的挥发性有机硫化物,对全球气候变化和环境酸化产生重要影响。DMS的生物生产与消耗主要发生在海洋真光层。生物的生产与消耗被认为是海洋中DMS的主要来源和去除途径。海洋中DMS的生物生产和消耗是密切相关的,两者的速率基本保持平衡。目前,有关DMS生物生产与消费速率的测定方法有放射性同位素示踪和加抑制剂2种,后者颇受青睐,不过有关抑制机理还需进一步的研究。     

1992-2005年中国旅游业全要素生产率及省际差异

全要素生产率是评价一个国家或地区经济增长质量和技术进步的基本指标。本文采用生产函数法对1992-2005年中国旅游业全要素生产率(TTFP)以及旅游经济增长方式进行研究,分析TTFP变化与旅游增长之间的关系,探讨各省旅游增长方式的演化过程与变化趋势,得出了以下结论:①中国旅游业属于典型的(劳动)要素驱动型增长方式,劳动力要素投入对中国旅游经济增长的贡献为63.69%;②旅游业年均技术进步速度(TTFP)为2.91%,技术进步速度缓慢的原因主要在于投资效率低下和基础设施投资不足;③旅游业技术进步是旅游业增长的充分条件而非必要条件,旅游吸引物在空间上的"不可移动性"和不发达地区的"飞地旅游"性质决定了旅游业的技术扩散方式从根本上有别于传统产业,它既不受制于区域经济发展水平,与区域地理位置也不具有对应性;④中国各省旅游业增长方式与发展水平已经出现了明显的分化,并且差异正在逐年扩大,技术进步速度(TTFP)差异是导致各省旅游发展水平分化的原因,如果各省TTFP差异继续扩大,可能会进一步加大各省旅游业发展水平的差距,加强旅游业公共服务领域的建设对于推动中国旅游业技术进步和增长质量提高具有决定性作用。     

构建一个经济-气候新模型评价气候变化对粮食产量的影响

将气候变化研究和农业经济研究相结合,构建了一个经济-气候新模型,用来评价全球气候变化对粮食产量影响的问题。提出在经济模型C-D生产函数中添加气候变化因子,建立一个新的评价模型,作为连接气候变化因素和经济变化因素的桥梁,并对该模型的性能及合理性进行了初步的模拟和验证。     

Sedimentary facies,production rates and facies models for recent coralline algal gravels,Co. Galway,Ireland

Five sedimentary facies are described from SCUBA diving examination and sampling of Mannin Bay, Ireland. A Bank facies is built up by the unattached coralline algae Lithothamnium corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum. This autochthonous facies occurs in shallow sheltered environments. In exposed areas a rippled Clean Algal Gravel facies is found composed of coralline and molluscan debris. In intermediate energy areas a Muddy Algal Gravel facies is found with small amounts of live corallines. Sheltered creeks have a Mud facies which is partly carbonate and partly terrigenous. The shallow water coralline algal sediments are overlapped by a Fine Sand facies of mixed biogenic composition. Each facies is characterized by particular phenotypic growth forms of the unattached corallines. Rates of organic calcium carbonate production are obtained which are found to be similar to rates from shallow tropical non-reef environments. The carbonate sediments of Mannin Bay are compared with similar sediments from Kilkerrin Bay. Ireland, from Brittany and from Falmouth Harbour. From these comparisons, facies models are proposed for these carbonate sediments. The major factor controlling facies distribution is coastal morphology. The present day shelf is considered to be too exposed to preserve complete sequences of the shallow water sediments.     

地磁场强度变化对暴露年代测定的影响及校正

在103-105a的尺度上,地磁场强度变化是影响陆地宇生核素生成速率的主要因素,其影响程度取决于样品的地理位置和暴露时间。根据已有的磁场古强度数据,模拟200 ka以来海拔2 km、25°N和40°N的地表10Be生成速率的变化,进而分析地表宇生核素生成速率变化对岩石暴露年代测定的影响及其模式年龄的校正。校正磁场强度变化后,海拔2 km、25°N上,50-200 ka的模式年龄可被压缩14%~19%,大于1σ的误差,相同海拔40°N上的模式年龄可减小约8%。对中低纬两组模式年龄的校正充分证明,磁场强度引起的陆地宇生核素生成速率变化是暴露年代测定中主要误差源之一,尤其在低纬高海拔地区这一影响更不容忽视。     

SWAT模型在粮食产量预测中的应用

以新乡县为研究对象,基于SWAT模型构建了该区域的分布式水文模型,并对影响模型的重要参数进行了率定和验证。结果表明,对比运用SWAT模型模拟得到粮食产量与实际粮食产量,其相对误差的绝对值大部分在10%以内,相关系数为0.84,Nash-Suttcliffe确定性系数为0.7,该模型可以较准确的模拟粮食产量,并能为该区域的粮食安全、水资源合理配置、水环境等方面的规划提供科学依据。