Assessment of effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large sample comparison method

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method (LSCM). To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment, the alpine grassland net primary production (NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP, the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau. (2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected, the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant, whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan. With the exception of Selincuo, the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert. (3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples: (a) After the establishment of the nature reserves, the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves. (b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun, Changshagongma, Zoige and Selincuo (Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively significant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves, whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious. (c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow, but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe. This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change. Careful design of the samples used, to ensure comparability between the samples, is crucial to the success of this LSCM.     

福建省制造业内部产业结构评价与演变趋势

采用Gibbs-Mirtin 多样化指数和区位熵、产值贡献率,对福建省2005―2013 年20 个制造业行业面板数据进行了测算,并从产业部门多样化和优势产业专业化2 个角度对福建省制造业产业结构特点及演变规律进行了分析。研究表明：福建省制造业产业多样化水平逐年提升,全省产业朝多部门均衡发展;各个制造业专业化发展水平存在差异,化学纤维制造业、通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业等行业专业化水平高,行业优势明显;全省20 个制造业总体产业优势不明显,研究时段内区位熵始终≥1 的行业仅占35%,对全省20 个制造业产值贡献达46.71%;非金属矿物制品业及农副食品加工业等新的优势产业及潜力产业涌现,关联产业优势程度成对上升,产业专业化发展形势良好。     

产气率:油页岩工业品质评价值得重视的指标——以鄂尔多斯盆地何1井三叠系延长组油页岩为例

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地何1井三叠系延长组油页岩工业指标分析,发现油页岩产油率与产气率具有良好的线性关系,随着产油率的增加,产气率呈线性增加.据70件油页岩样品分析结果,平均产油率为5.9%,平均产气率为3.7%,平均油气产率为9.6%,产气率占油气产率的38.5%.说明产气率在油气产率中占有较大比重,是油页岩工业品质评价的重要指标.     

世界屋脊高海拔2000t／d级新型干法水泥生产线

已建成投产的西藏高天水泥有限公司2000t／d级熟料新型干法水泥生产线是目前世界上海拔最高的规模最大的采用窑外分解技术的水泥生产线,也是天津院承担设计的高海拔地区第一条2000t／d级水泥生产线。设计方案适应当地海拔高、缺氧、四季昼夜温差大的气候及原、燃材料等条件。年平均大气压为65．1kPa,约为平原地区的62％,工程设计面临很多困难条件,无国内外经验可借鉴,天津院依托自身技术优势,勇于创新,开发了具有自主知识产权的高海拔新工艺、新装备,如高原型预热器、分解炉、熟料冷却机等并供货。回转窑、原料粉磨、水泥粉磨、煤磨、石灰石破碎机均由天津院设计。燃烧器、选粉机、风机、空压机等所有系统配套的机械、电气设备及元件在设计选型时均进行高原校正。同时针对高海拔地区做了大量的研究和开发工作,降低工程投资,达到了节能、降耗、减少污染、改善环境、提高产品质量、激发企业竞争力的目的。     

Trading in the dark – The medicinal plants production network in Uttarakhand

Medicinal plant cultivation and gathering can play a vital role in the course of livelihood diversification for the marginalized population living in remote areas. However, this requires an integration of the respective production networks that allows the producers a fair and reliable income and does not endanger rare plant species. This paper analyses the situation within the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and identifies structures and entities hindering medical plant cultivation and its potentials. Based on the broad network understanding of the Global Production Network approach, the case study focuses on the middlemen and their hidden embeddedness. It shows how governmental organizations and in particular non‐governmental organizations and farmers' institutions can help to overcome clandestine structures of illegal trade and contribute towards a redesign of the medicinal plant network in a more equitable and transparent way.     

Constraints to effective adoption of innovative livestock production technologies in the Rift Valley (Kenya)

We surveyed small-scale farmers in the Kenyan Rift Valley province (Narok and Nakuru districts) to describe constraints to, and changes in, livestock production and to assess the extent to which farmers have adopted new technologies promoted by extension services. In the arid areas of southern Narok, farmers' main constraints were drought and disease. Farmers in Nakuru district, situated in the fertile highlands of the Rift Valley, were also affected by disease but also lacked markets and capital. Although 83% of the farmers had regular contact with extension services that provided advice on new technologies and livestock production innovations, only about half of the respondents implemented the proposed changes. Many of those who did change (38%) improved pasture/nutrition/manure management and relatively few (16%) improved their animal breeding practices. Results of a multinomial logit model revealed that, apart from the significant differences between the two districts, the nature of the advice and the expected outcomes had the strongest influence on the probability of successfully implementing changes to livestock production. The results further suggest that adoption of new technologies is limited by lack of knowledge, inadequate support and a failure to target local needs and conditions and empower livestock keepers.     

不同经济水平牧户草场植被特征比较

以内蒙古荒漠草原家庭牧场为研究尺度,比较分析了不同经济水平牧户草场的植物群落特征,结果表明:主要植物种群的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、重要值及群落多样性指数均呈现出不同程度的趋同性.从社会学角度分析表明,牧区牧户的经济收入与饲养牲畜头数呈高度正相关.不同经济水平牧户草畜平衡的调整和适应能力不同,低经济水平牧户一般牲畜头数少,草场相对可使用面积大,经营意识薄弱,草场经常被有意或无意占用;中等经济水平牧户扩大饲养规模的愿望最为强烈,并积极通过围封、租借草场等方式来保护自家草场和扩大牲畜数量;高经济水平牧户则普遍采取常年租借草场、走场、购买饲草料等措施,减缓对自己草场放牧压力,同时保持畜饲养规模的维持和扩大.牧户存在调整适应行为,并会基于自己的“草畜平衡标准”,根据经济条件、草场面积、牲畜数量和对草场状况、放牧超载及效益的认知,适时通过草场流转和输入外部资源等方式,转移放牧压力,致使不同牧户草场生态状况趋于一致.     

Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades

Rice＇s spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environ- mental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-eco- nomic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model （SPAM） which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale -it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice pro- duction is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.     

Modélisation de la relation pluie-ruissellement par durée d'épisode pluvieux dans un bassin du nord de la Tunisie

Résumé

Un modèle hydrologique global a été calé sur des épisodes pluvieux de durée très variable (de un à plus de dix jours). Les épisodes pris en compte sont ceux qui sont encadrés par au moins un jour sec et ne provoquant pas de déversement du barrage. L'entrée de ce modèle comprend la pluie moyenne du bassin versant et l'indice des précipitations antérieures de Kohler & Linsley. Les expressions du modèle hydrologique du début et au cours de la saison humide, selon un seuil du cumul des pluies de la saison depuis le début de l'automne, sont de la forme non linéaire polynomiale du second ordre. Le modèle s'est montré performant dans l'évaluation de la lame ruisselée malgré le faible nombre de postes pluviométriques (un) pour la taille du bassin versant de 48 km². L'absence d'autres postes pluviométriques sur le bassin versant n'a pas permis d'étudier la précision du modèle en considérant une pluie moyenne sur le bassin versant au lieu de la pluie uniquement au site du Barrage Ghézala.

Citation Mathlouthi. M. & Lebdi, F. (2010) Modélisation de la relation pluie–ruissellement par durée d'épisode pluvieux dans un bassin du nord de la Tunisie. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1111–1122.     

基于大比例尺数字高程模型DEM制作方法的经验和体会

大比例尺DEM更能够清晰详细地表述地面高程信息,它在测绘、水文、气象、地貌、地质、土壤、工程建设、通讯、气象、军事等国民经济和国防建设以及人文和自然科学领域有着广泛的应用。针对大比例尺DEM的制作精度要求比较高、制作成本高的特点,本文提供大比例尺数字高程模型DEM制作方法的一些经验和体会。