“地质灾害五步避险法”动漫的设计与制作

地质灾害群测群防是中国各级政府推动基础社区防灾减灾的重要工作。为了丰富宣传教育形式,本文提出了＂地质灾害五步避险法＂,即＂勤观察、早发现＂、＂多监测、知险情＂、＂常演练、会应对＂、＂接警报、快逃生＂、＂听指挥、保平安＂等。针对五个环节,分别编写了防灾避灾行动脚本,制作了相应动漫作品,通过电视、网络等媒体传播,增加社会公众的知识,提高防灾意识起到了很好的效果。     

小麦水分生产函数及其效益的研究

我国北方地区水资源短缺,有限的降水不足以满足小麦生长所需的水量,为了避免因缺水造成的减产,需要实施灌溉以补充水分。本文讨论了灌水与小麦产量的关系,并以小麦田间试验数据为基础,采用最小二乘法原理,拟合了小麦的水分生产函数模型,通过耗水资料的分析整理,揭示了小麦的水分效应及需水规律。对典型灌溉制度下小麦水分生产函数的分析表明,水资源投入的最佳效益点并非水分利用效率的最高点和产量最高点,小麦灌水效益最佳点的确定原则为边际收益等于边际成本,合理利用小麦灌溉生产函数及其规律,可以实现小麦节水、高产、高效的较好统一。     

耕地总量动态平衡政策实证研究

耕地总量动态平衡政策是经过多年调研和在充分论证的基础上提出的,是新土地管理法中的核心内容之一。从近几年的实践看,有效地保护了耕地资源。文章从耕地总量动态平衡的含义分析着手,研究评价该政策对土地资源的开发与利用、不同区域发展、农业生产与农民生活等的实际影响,分析了与此相关的费用转嫁和归属问题,在此基础上提出相关的政策建议。     

采油平台淘空防护措施的试验研究

通过室内试验,研究了采油平台的冲淘机理和防护措施,对仿生海底、仿生林、抛石块、抛石子袋等防冲淘措施进行了方案设计和试验,完成了导管架式、桶形基础式、沉垫式3种采油平台的冲淘及防护措施试验研究,提出和完善了多层次抛石防护技术,并将研究成果成功应用于海上防护工程.提出的研究思路以及得到的研究成果,对解决胜利油田海区粉土地基的防冲淘难题具有重要指导意义.     

亚洲通量观测网建立的回顾与展望

1IntroductionTheelucidationofthebudgetsofcarbon,waterandothermassesatvariouslandecosystemshasbecomeanimportantsubjectintheglobalwarmingissue.Forthisstudy,thedatafrompreciseandlong-termobservationsofcarbondioxide,watervapor,andheatfluxtakeninvariouslandsur…     

大陆岩石圈塑性流动网络的延性弱面效应

岩石圈下层的网状塑性流动 ,作为包含塑性流动网络的黏塑性流动 ,控制着大陆板块内部的构造变形和动力学过程。塑性流动网络由两组网带共轭相交而成 ,而塑性流动网带是黏塑性流动过程中因剪切局部化、黏性摩擦生热和网带介质的弱化而形成的延性弱面 (弱带 )。研究表明 ,类似于断裂和节理等脆性弱面 ,延性弱面对介质强度的影响也具有条件性 ,即当应力方向改变时 ,只有在滑移角θ不超出一定限值的条件 (θ1≤θ≤θ2 )下才可能沿原有弱面滑移 ,显示其弱化效应 ;延性弱面可以用弱化度R表示其屈服限的相对降低程度 ,弱化度与滑移角下限值之间的关系为R =sin2θ1;根据亚洲中东部地区“塑性流动 -地震”网络的最大共轭角推算 ,网带的弱化度R近似于 0 81。基于延性弱面效应的认识 ,文中就网带由剪切滑移向压性褶皱的转化、网带的继承与弃置以及应力方向的允许偏角等问题进行了探讨     

Length‐mass models for some common New Zealand littoral‐benthic macroinvertebrates,with a note on within‐taxon variability in parameter values among published models

Regression models are developed and presented to predict dry mass (mg) from two linear dimensions (mm) for 17 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa common to littoral zones of New Zealand lakes. We also provide regression models to predict body length from head capsule width for the major insect taxa. Dry mass was best explained as a power function of all linear dimensions: M = aL _b .Parameters are presented in the log₁₀‐transformed linear form of this power function. Body length was a simple linear function of head capsule width for all insect taxa, hence parameters for these models are presented as untransformed values. We also provide family level models for the Chironomidae, and compare our chironomid body length‐mass model with other published Chrionomidae length‐mass models. There was a very high degree of variability in parameter values among published length‐mass models for the family Chironomidae (mean coefficient of variation for mass at length = 148%). We discuss the potential causes and implications of this variability.     

Breeding in the freshwater crayfish paranephrops planifrons white

The breeding cycle of female Paranephrops planifrons is described. The incubation of eggs and young takes place between April and December and covers about 25–26 weeks. The winter population contains some apparently adult females which do not breed. The number of eggs laid increases with the size of the parent, and in the population studied varied from some 20 to 30 eggs at 17 mm carapace length to 150 eggs at 30 mm carapace length. After hatching the young pass through two moults while still attached to the parent.     

Wind-driven upwelling and surface chlorophyll blooms in Greater Cook Strait

We present the results of a combined observational and numerical study to investigate cool plumes of nutrient-rich upwelled water that emanate near the Kahurangi Shoals and extend into Greater Cook Strait. Surface temperature and chlorophyll are mapped using satellite observations to produce surface climatologies, to validate a numerical simulation and to show the utility of using spatial temperature differences as a measure of upwelling. We find upwelling near the Kahurangi Shoals is strongly wind-driven in the weather band. Upwelling occurs at all times of the year, but its surface signature is only visible in summer months. The upwelled nutrient-rich water supports increased primary production compared to surrounding waters, particularly in summer when the water column is more stratified and surrounding surface waters are presumably nutrient depleted.