地理、网络与信任:金融危机背景下的生产网络演化

网络演化是演化经济地理学研究的重要内容和新近热点之一。在当前的理论探讨中主要强调路径依赖和惯例对网络演化的强化作用,对于信任这个关键要素缺乏深入探讨。本文通过深度访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法,对比金融危机前后广东省纺织服装行业生产网络的空间结构,揭示信任与生产网络演化之间的互动机制。研究发现:信任是维系生产网络稳定性的基本要素之一,信任的强弱程度主要受合作类型(市场关系)、地理接近(空间关系)和社会文化接近根植性(社会关系)等因素影响。金融危机作为一种负面外部冲击,重构了广东省服装行业的生产网络。在这个过程中,较强信任关系的网络连结(潮汕地区)得以保留,并在危机过后进一步强化;而部分较弱信任关系的网络连结(珠三角地区)发生断裂,且在经济回暖之后被潮汕地区的网络所取代。     

Women's economic empowerment and formal income: Sri Lankan Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and their impact on gender perceptions of empowerment

Women workers in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in Sri Lanka are often exposed to harsh working conditions and a range of negative social experiences due to their perceived low social status. Research has demonstrated that they experience both empowerment and disempowerment as a result of formal employment. The authors explore the differences between female Sri Lankan EPZ workers who felt empowered (n = 2196) and those who did not (n = 107), and investigate factors that contribute to empowerment. The analysis reveals a significant difference between the two groups of workers: empowered women had a longer history of employment service, saved significantly more money, and contributed much less to their family than non-empowered women. There were no significant differences in social experiences between the groups. However, the work-related variables used to investigate reported influential factors in empowerment demonstrated that as savings increased so too did the likelihood of empowerment. Conversely, as the proportion of the contribution to the family income increased, the odds of reporting empowerment decreased. The findings suggest that work factors may not be the most important in the establishment of and/or reporting empowerment but rather earnings management and contribution to household appear to be a more significant determining factor.     

地市级城镇天气预报制作及传输系统设计与实现

在城镇精细化预报制作和传输特点及需求分析的基础上,阐述了地市级城镇天气预报制作与传输系统的设计思路、功能实现和系统应用.系统选取PowerBuilder 7.0开发环境,PowerScript可视化编程语言,在Windows 2000操作系统上研制而成.由人机交互、预报自动传输和预报查询3个子系统构成,可制作城镇精细化、短时、评分、城区、城区上下班等多项预报,可随时查询利用该系统制作和传输到本地服务器上的各项预报,可用人工与自动两种方式向省局传输所需的预报.该系统为省级以下气象台的预报员提供了一个可靠、高效的预报制作、传输平台,为预报服务人员提供了一个方便、快捷的预报查询平台.     

Turbulent Intensities and Velocity Spectra for Bare and Forested Gentle Hills: Flume Experiments

To investigate how velocity variances and spectra are modified by the simultaneous action of topography and canopy, two flume experiments were carried out on a train of gentle cosine hills differing in surface cover. The first experiment was conducted above a bare surface while the second experiment was conducted within and above a densely arrayed rod canopy. The velocity variances and spectra from these two experiments were compared in the middle, inner, and near-surface layers. In the middle layer, and for the canopy surface, longitudinal and vertical velocity variances () were in phase with the hill-induced spatial mean velocity perturbation (Δu) around the so-called background state (taken here as the longitudinal mean at a given height) as predicted by rapid distortion theory (RDT). However, for the bare surface case, and remained out of phase with Δu by about L/2, where L is the hill half-length. In the canopy layer, wake production was a significant source of turbulent energy for , and its action was to re-align velocity variances with Δu in those layers, a mechanism completely absent for the bare surface case. Such a lower ‘boundary condition’ resulted in longitudinal variations of to be nearly in phase with Δu above the canopy surface. In the inner and middle layers, the spectral distortions by the hill remained significant for the background state of the bare surface case but not for the canopy surface case. In particular, in the inner and middle layers of the bare surface case, the effective exponents derived from the locally measured power spectra diverged from their expected  − 5/3 value for inertial subrange scales. These departures spatially correlated with the hill surface. However, for the canopy surface case, the spectral exponents were near  − 5/3 above the canopy though the minor differences from  − 5/3 were also correlated with the hill surface. Inside the canopy, wake production and energy short-circuiting resulted in significant departures from  − 5/3. These departures from  − 5/3 also appeared correlated with the hill surface through the wake production contribution and its alignment with Δu. Moreover, scales commensurate with Von Karman street vorticies well described wake production scales inside the canopy, confirming the important role of the mean flow in producing wakes. The spectra inside the canopy on the lee side of the hill, where a negative mean flow delineated a recirculation zone, suggested that the wake production scales there were ‘broader’ when compared to their counterpart outside the recirculation zone. Inside the recirculation zone, there was significantly more energy at higher frequencies when compared to regions outside the recirculation zone.     

北方草地生态气象综合监测预测技术及其应

近几十年来中国90%以上的草地出现退化现象,特别是内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、新疆、青海、西藏等地区,草地退化严重,国家急需掌握气象条件对草地植被生长的影响,了解草地生产力、牲畜承载力以及生态质量状况.为此,在实时获取北方草地气温、降水量、日照时数等气象要素和气象卫星植被指数以及产草量观测资料的基础上,应用模糊数学、集合运算、统计分析等多种方法和"3S"手段,建立了北方草地植被生长气象条件优劣评价、产草量和载畜量预测、草地生态质量监测等模型.2005年以来,利用这些模型逐年评价了气象条件对草地植被生长的优劣影响、预测产草量和载畜量、监测草地生态质量优劣,获得了良好的服务效益.北方草地2007年生态气象监测预测结果表明:所建模型综合了多种资料和技术优势,结果符合实际;形成的综合监测预测技术可为国家保护和恢复草地生态环境提供科学依据.     

Nuclear modification factor for quarkonium production in high energy proton-nucleus collisions within the parton saturation approach

In this work, we analyze nuclear effects in the inclusive production of quarkonium in proton-nucleus collisions at high energy regime. A theoretical framework that includes initial state effects like nuclear shadowing and gluon density saturation is considered. Numerical results for nuclear modification factor, $R_{pA}(y)$, as a function of meson rapidity in proton-nucleus collisions are presented. The parameter-free predictions are compared to the available data from the Large Hadron Collider. Discussion on the main theoretical uncertainties is made, with emphasis on the phenomenological models for the nuclear saturation scale.     

水稻覆膜节水种植对NO排放的影响

为保障粮食安全和节约水资源,水稻覆膜节水技术正越来越多地被农业生产部门运用到水稻生产中。但是,与传统种植模式(采用淹水与烤田相结合的间歇灌溉)相比,水稻覆膜节水种植模式通过改变土壤条件,引起稻田生物地球化学过程变化,进而使得大气环境污染性气体一氧化氮(NO)的排放发生变化。为了定量研究两种种植模式的NO排放差异及其关键控制因子,采用静态暗箱—化学发光法,对不同种植模式下两种施肥条件(常规施肥与无氮肥对照)的水稻—休耕系统NO排放通量及其环境因子进行了原位周年观测。结果表明,水稻生长季NO排放主要发生在中期烤田阶段,覆膜节水种植模式的NO通量多高于常规淹水种植模式,水稻生长季NO排放系数分别为0.12%和0.016%,主要原因是覆膜节水种植模式提高了土壤温度和氧化还原电位。在休耕季,两种种植模式的NO排放都与土壤湿度呈显著负相关。覆膜节水种植模式全年NO排放有大于传统种植模式的趋势,其排放系数分别为0.15%和0.032%,但需时间更长地点更多的试验研究加以证实。     

中国棉花种植空间变化及其原因分析

采用地理信息系统软件对1980、1990、2000年中国县域棉花生产数据进行处理,生成棉花种植空间分布差异地图并对之进行分析。分析结果表明,1980～1990年,中国棉花种植空间迅速缩减地区是鄂南、鄂中、湘北、陕西中部、晋西棉区、冀西南棉区以及江苏东部部分地区,种植空间迅速扩展的地区是鲁西北、鲁西南、冀东南和豫南等地区;同时,新疆棉区以巴楚县为核心的南疆等地区种植面积增长迅速;1990～2000年,变异的最大特点是新疆棉花生产的崛起和山东、河北棉花生产的萎缩。引起上述变化的原因是由于经济、政策、技术及自然以等因素发生变化的结果。     

A decline in molluscan carbonate production driven by the loss of vegetated habitats encoded in the Holocene sedimentary record of the Gulf of Trieste

Carbonate sediments in non‐vegetated habitats on the north‐east Adriatic shelf are dominated by shells of molluscs. However, the rate of carbonate molluscan production prior to the 20th century eutrophication and overfishing on this and other shelves remains unknown because: (i) monitoring of ecosystems prior to the 20th century was scarce; and (ii) ecosystem history inferred from cores is masked by condensation and mixing. Here, based on geochronological dating of four bivalve species, carbonate production during the Holocene is assessed in the Gulf of Trieste, where algal and seagrass habitats underwent a major decline during the 20th century. Assemblages of sand‐dwelling Gouldia minima and opportunistic Corbula gibba are time‐averaged to >1000 years and Corbula gibba shells are older by >2000 years than shells of co‐occurring Gouldia minima. This age difference is driven by temporally disjunct production of two species coupled with decimetre‐scale mixing. Stratigraphic unmixing shows that Corbula gibba declined in abundance during the highstand phase and increased again during the 20th century. In contrast, one of the major contributors to carbonate sands – Gouldia minima – increased in abundance during the highstand phase, but declined to almost zero abundance over the past two centuries. Gouldia minima and herbivorous gastropods associated with macroalgae or seagrasses are abundant in the top‐core increments but are rarely alive. Although Gouldia minima is not limited to vegetated habitats, it is abundant in such habitats elsewhere in the Mediterranean Sea. This live–dead mismatch reflects the difference between highstand baseline communities (with soft‐bottom vegetated zones and hard‐bottom Arca beds) and present‐day oligophotic communities with organic‐loving species. Therefore, the decline in light penetration and the loss of vegetated habitats with high molluscan production traces back to the 19th century. More than 50% of the shells on the sea floor in the Gulf of Trieste reflect inactive production that was sourced by heterozoan carbonate factory in algal or seagrass habitats.